Abstract

When preferred outcomes to a decision are unavailable, animals must decide when to settle. Migrating birds that are too picky about which winds to use may never reach their goal, but birds that are not picky enough may be blown off-course. By modeling North American migrants, we determined that birds on a tight time-schedule should be less picky, although pickier birds expend less energy while migrating more slowly. Our values match field calculations from Europe.

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