Abstract
We evaluated the influence of wind-induced waves on El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulations based on the First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model version 2 (FIO-ESM 2.0), a global coupled general circulation model (GCM) with a wave component. Two sets of experiments, the GCM, with and without a wave model, respectively, were conducted in parallel. The simulated sea surface temperature (SST) was cooled by introducing the wave model via the enhancement of the vertical mixing in the ocean upper layer. The strength of ENSO was intensified and better simulated with the inclusion of wave-induced mixing, particularly the La Niña amplitude. Furthermore, the simulated amplitude and spatial pattern of El Niño events were slightly altered with the wave model. Heat budget analyses revealed the intensification of La Niña events to be generally attributed to wave-induced vertical advection, followed by the zonal and meridional advection terms.
Highlights
Climate models have become a powerful tool in simulating and predicting climate anomalies and variabilities across wide temporal and spatial scales
In order to further depict the influences of the wave model on different El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, we derived the evolution of SSTA, D20 anomalies, and zonal wind stress anomalies averaged from 2◦ S to 2◦ N are derived during El Niño and La Niña cycles (Figures 7 and 8, respectively)
Many CGCMs cannot well simulate ENSO diversity, whereas warming anomalies are often squeezed near the equator [26,27,30,36]
Summary
Climate models have become a powerful tool in simulating and predicting climate anomalies and variabilities across wide temporal and spatial scales. ENSO plays a dominant role in the atmosphere–ocean interaction within the tropical Pacific, strongly affecting global climate and human activities [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29] It is characterized by the anomalous warming in the equatorial eastern tropical Pacific every 2–7 years, typically peaking at the winter season (called phase locking) [30]. Eng. 2021, 9, 457 in CMIP5 is modestly improved, including the large SSTA location and seasonal phase locking While these ENSO models represent a full spectrum of coupled models including various physical processes and resolutions, they almost lack a wind-induced wave component in coupling systems.
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