Abstract
Protective fungicides are sensitive to environmental conditions such as rainfall and solar radiation. Therefore, it is important to prolong the biological activity and fungicide resistance to the above-mentioned factors that can be achieved by adding a wetting agent to the working solution. Additionally, the quality and efficiency of preventive contact fungicides significantly depend on the application technique. Thus, it is important to make the right choice of the nozzles and adjust the working parameters of the treatment. The aim of this work is to determine the influence of a wetting agent and type of nozzle on copper hydroxide (2 L ha−2) deposits on sugar beet leaves. Experiments are set up under laboratory and field conditions. A pinole-based wetting agent is applied at three rates (0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 L ha−1) and two types of nozzles are used (standard with flat jet and modern turbo-drop twin-jet). A brilliant blue tracer is added to a working solution to enable the measurement of copper hydroxide deposits. The deposit amount is recorded before and after the rain simulation (15 L m−2) with a spectrophotometer light beam. In order to ensure the timeliness of the application of fungicides, remote sensing of vegetative indices is used as an indicator of disease occurrence. The results indicated an increase in copper hydroxide deposits with the increase in wetting agent rates for both types of nozzles and in both laboratory and field experiments. Moreover, when applying the copper hydroxide mixtures with modern turbo drop nozzles, the increase in copper hydroxide deposit is significant, compared to the standard nozzles.
Highlights
IntroductionOne of the most devastating diseases of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the continental region is Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc [1,2]
Introduction iationsOne of the most devastating diseases of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the continental region is Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc [1,2].It causes severe leaf necrosis, resulting in decreased root weight, yield, and reduced sugar production and quality [1,3,4], significant economic losses [2,5]
In the laboratory conditions plants were exposed to the “artificial rain” to test the persistence of the deposit depending on the combination of fungicide and wetting agent as well as the type of nozzles
Summary
One of the most devastating diseases of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the continental region is Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc [1,2]. It causes severe leaf necrosis, resulting in decreased root weight, yield, and reduced sugar production and quality [1,3,4], significant economic losses [2,5]. Sugar beet yield losses due to pests The most common and effective control measure against this pathogen is the use of fungicides. Several studies report the use of synthetic fungicides in comparison to contact once. According to [7], synthetic compounds such as strobilurin and benomyl, as well as pyraclostrobin + boscalid, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
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