The Influence of Wave Reflection on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients Is Modified by Age and Gender

Abstract

It has been established that a positive association exists between the augmentation index (AIx) and left ventricular mass (LVM) in hypertensives, but it remains unclear whether this association is affected by age or gender. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of age and gender on the association between carotid AIx and LVM in hypertensive patients. We performed arterial tonometry and echocardiography in 512 treated hypertensive patients who were divided into 4 groups by gender and age (older or younger than 65 years). Correlations between carotid AIx and echocardiographic indices were evaluated by univariable and multivariable models. In females, carotid AIx increased with age up to 60 years, but decreased thereafter. In univariable analyses, carotid AIx was positively correlated with the LVM index in younger females (r=0.25, p=0.04) and males (r=0.48, p<0.001), but not in the older age groups. Multivariable analyses showed that this positive correlation in younger males remained significant (beta=0.39, p<0.001) after adjusting for age, body mass index, and mean arterial pressure. In contrast, in the older subjects, carotid AIx was negatively correlated with relative wall thickness in females (beta= -0.14, p=0.034) and males (beta= -0.17, p=0.037) independent of age and mean arterial pressure. A significant association between carotid AIx and LVM index was seen only in younger males. The lack of any such association in older hypertensives can be explained by both the plateau in the values of carotid AIx, and the fact that LVM increased with age.