The Influence of Thermal Expansion and Mass Loss on the Young’s Modulus of Ceramics During Firing

Abstract

During the heating stage of the firing of a ceramic material, the mass \(m\), length \(l\), and diameter \(d\) of the sample alter their values depending on the temperature \(t\). Young’s modulus \(E(f,m,l,d)\) measured by a sonic resonance method is also a function of the resonance frequency \(f\). Therefore, three thermal analyses (TGA, TDA, modulated force TMA) must be performed to obtain correct values of Young’s modulus. The calculation of Young’s modulus can be simplified if TGA and/or TDA are omitted. This necessarily leads to partly incorrect results. If TGA is not performed, we have \(E[f(t),m_0 ,l(t),d(t)]\) and the relative difference \((\{E[f(t),m(t),l(t),d(t)]-E[f(t),m_0 ,l(t),d(t)]\}/E[f(t),m(t),l(t),d(t)])\) reaches 7 % for \(t> 650\,^\circ \text{ C}\) and less than 2 % for \(t 600\,^\circ \text{ C}\) and less than 2 % for \(t<500\,^\circ \text{ C}\).