Abstract
We investigate the dynamic behavior of perovskite solar cells by focusing on the relaxation time τ, which corresponds to the slow de-polarization process from an initial bias pre-poled state. The dynamic electrical model (DEM) is employed for simulating the J-V characteristics for different bias scan rates and pre-poling conditions. Depending on the sign of the initial polarization normal or inverted hysteresis may be induced. For fixed pre-poling conditions, the relaxation time, in relation to the bias scan rate, governs the magnitude of the dynamic hysteresis. In the limit of large τ the hysteretic effects are vanishing for the typical range of bias scan rates considered, while for very small τ the hysteresis is significant only when it is comparable with the measurement time interval.
Highlights
The dynamic hysteresis [1] observed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has become a notorious hallmark
A rather large consensus [2] has been reached concerning the origin of the dynamic hysteresis, which points to the ion migration within the perovskite layer as the main reason for the slow process, characterized by a relaxation time τ which is typically in the order of seconds
We investigated the hysteretic behavior of PSCs under the change of the relaxation time scale, which is a central quantity in the dynamic electrical model (DEM)
Summary
The dynamic hysteresis [1] observed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has become a notorious hallmark. Iodine migration was already evidenced in several reports, as well as in our own samples [3] In this context, we investigate the hysteretic behavior dependence on the relaxation time τ at different bias pre-poling conditions. DEM suitably describes the experimental J-V characteristics using a single relaxation time, multiple polarization mechanisms with different relaxation times may be present, e.g. induced by the drifting of several ionic species. If these individual contributions can be differentiated, Eq (2) may be extended to accomodate a more detailed description. We discuss the dynamic hysteretic effects with the focus on changing τ, for two different initial polarizations, which correspond to normal and inverted hysteresis
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