Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is a dynamically developing field of industry. Its main advantage is the small amount of waste, no need to use specialized tools, and easy control of the mechanical properties of the printed model. One of the most popular techniques of 3D printing is FDM. The main factor influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials is the filling density. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of porous structures with a porosity gradient of PLA samples printed using the FDM technique. The accuracy of mapping the structures by computed tomography was assessed, and then a static compression test was performed. It has been shown that the strength properties increased with the increase in the filling density. The highest value of compression strength, amounting to 41.2 MPa, was observed for samples made of PLA with an 80% filling degree, whereas the lowest value of compression strength was found in PLA-T samples with a filling degree of 10%, reaching only 0.6 MPa. It was found that not only the core filling density, but also the outer layers, influences the mechanical properties. The assessment of spatial architecture allowed for a qualitative and quantitative assessment. The obtained images from the computed tomograph showed that the designed sample models were correctly reproduced in the entire volume.
Highlights
Three-dimensional printing is considered to be the foundation of the fourth industrial revolution
Werethe thegreatest greatestfor for the the highest degree of filling and approached zero for the samples with the lowest density; The highest value of the modulus of elasticity in compression was obtained for the samples without the filling gradient of the highest density, while for the samples with the smallest filling degree, the highest value of the modulus was observed for the samples with a two-zone filling gradient; As the degree of filling increased, the value of the energy absorbed by all tested samples increased, while for samples without a porosity gradient and with a two-zone porosity gradient, higher values of energy absorbed by the sample were observed for those samples made of PLA-T compared to the corresponding samples made with PLA
Higher values of energy absorbed by the sample may indicate greater resistance to dynamic loads, but this requires further research; The highest value of energy absorbed by the sample for the samples with the highest density was obtained for the architecture with a four-zone porosity gradient, while for the samples with the lowest degree of filling, the highest energy values were recorded for the two-zone porosity gradient
Summary
Three-dimensional printing is considered to be the foundation of the fourth industrial revolution. Its dynamic pace of development in recent years has changed the current view on modern production methods [1]. Contrary to traditional techniques, where the significant disadvantage is a large amount of waste, additive methods (AMs) generate much less waste. Numerous AMs make it possible to produce an element practically in one cycle (“at a time”), which is difficult to obtain with traditional techniques. The obtained details are characterized by different mechanical properties depending on the material type or the process parameters used. The basis of modern AMs is the formation of a product on the basis of a virtual model developed in computer systems [2,3,4,5].
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