The Influence of Spraying Parameters and Powder Sizes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Cold-Sprayed Inconel®625 Deposits

Abstract

Cold spraying (CS) of high-strength materials, e.g., Inconel®625 is still challenging due to the limited material deformability and thus high critical velocities for achieving bonding. Further fine-tuning and optimization of cold spray process parameters are required, to reach higher particle impact velocities and temperatures, while avoiding nozzle clogging. Only then, sufficiently high amounts of well-bonded particle–substrate and particle–particle interfaces can be achieved, assuring high cohesive strength and minimum amounts of porosities. In this study, Inconel®625 powder was cold sprayed on carbon steel substrates, using N2 as propellant gas under different spray parameter sets and different powder sizes for a systematic evaluation. Coating microstructure, porosity, electrical conductivity, hardness, cohesive strength, and residual stress were characterized in as-sprayed condition. Increasing the process gas temperature or pressure leads to low coating porosity of less than 1% and higher electrical conductivity. The as-sprayed coatings show microstructures with highly deformed particles. X-ray diffraction reveals that powder and deposits are present as γ-solid-solution phase without any precipitations. The deposits show high microhardness and compressive residual stresses, which is attributed to work hardening and peening effects. The optimized deposits reach almost bulk material properties and are thus well suited for industrial applications.