Abstract
The effect of solvent type on solvent-pesticide interactions was examined by interacting the fungicide captan with the solvents acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), andN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), using growth of the fungiPythium ultimum, Sclerotinia homeocarpa, andPestalotia sp. as a toxicity criterion. DMF, ethanol, and methanol were generally the most toxic solvents tested, yielding EC50 values from 0.51 to 2.29% (v/v). The least toxic solvent was hexane, with EC50 values up to 36.60% (v/v). Acetone and DMSO evidenced median toxicity, yielding EC50 values of 1.99 to 12.07% (v/v). WithP. ultimum andS. homeocarpa, captan interacted synergistically with all solvents tested except hexane, with the actual solvent concentration at which synergism occurred being dependent upon the level of captan. Hexane interacted additively with 2.5 ppm captan towardsS. homecarpa, antagonistically with 5.0 ppm captan towardsP. ultimum and synergistically with captan in all other combinations tested. WithPestalotia sp., captan interacted antagonistically with acetone, ethanol, and methanol, and synergistically with hexane, DMSO, and DMF. Captan was more toxic towardsP. ultimum when dissolved in DMSO, and less toxic in the presence of hexane and DMF. WithS. homeocarpa, captan was more toxic with ethanol and DMSO, and less toxic when dissolved in acetone, methanol, and hexane. DMSO and hexane elicited less toxicity from captan when tested towardsPestalotia sp., while acetone, ethanol, and methanol elicited the greatest toxicity.
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