Abstract
The anti-wear performance and action mechanisms of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) have been investigated under various test conditions. The Mini Traction Machine–Space Layer Imaging (MTM–SLIM) is a widely used and useful method for monitoring tribofilm formation by ZDDPs. However, tests are generally carried out in mixed sliding–rolling conditions, typically between 50 % SRR (slide–roll ratio) and 100 % SRR. In this paper, the authors describe an investigation of ZDDP film formation at SRRs much higher than 100 % SRR, including pure sliding conditions using a novel MTM–SLIM technique. At high SRRs, ZDDP tribofilms form without damaging the ball surfaces so long as both surfaces move above a threshold speed with respect to the contact, regardless of whether the two surfaces move in the same or opposing directions. In pure sliding conditions, although the worn area expands with time under pure sliding conditions showing that wear takes place, tribofilms are still built up throughout a test and the ZDDP has a beneficial effect on wear rate. The very early stages of film formation are studied to show that a tribofilm with a high concentration of S is formed initially and then replaced with a film having a high concentration of Zn and P.
Highlights
Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) are used in engine oils, primarily as anti-wear additives
In order to measure the thickness of ZDDP tribofilm, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the same area of MTM ball surface as that analysed chemically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
The authors have developed a new approach to study ZDDP tribofilm formation in pure sliding conditions based on the MTM–SLIM method
Summary
Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) are used in engine oils, primarily as anti-wear additives. The Mini Traction Machine–Space Layer Imaging, PCS Instrument (MTM–SLIM) is a well-known and useful method to investigate anti-wear performance and monitor ZDDP tribofilm growth in situ, and the kinetics of ZDDP tribofilm growth under various conditions have been reported [8–17]. Such tests are currently carried out in mixed sliding–rolling, typically between 50 % SRR (slide– roll ratio) and 100 % SRR, but engine oils are required to show good anti-wear performance at higher SRRs and especially in pure sliding such as in the piston ring and cylinder liner assembly. The influence of higher values of SRR on ZDDP film formation is rarely investigated
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