Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by frequent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep that affects nocturnal sleep quality and often manifests as symptoms of daytime fatigue and sleepiness. Traditionally considered to be a condition uncommon in the female population, recent large population-based epidemiological studies have reported a much higher prevalence of OSA in females than previously estimated. This shift has brought attention to the influence of sex on risk factors and various health-related consequences associated with OSA. Specifically, there is increasing interest in the sex-related differences in cardiovascular outcomes of OSA—such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and related mortality. Although the mechanisms underlying the sex-related differences in OSA itself have been explored, the influence of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease has not been adequately examined. Our review assesses this influence of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease. We emphasize the need for further research to improve our understanding of the effect of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease.
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