The influence of ration size and feeding frequency on ammonia excretion by juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

Abstract

Small groups of juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., were kept at 14°C in through‐flow tanks and were fed known quantities of a compounded diet of natural food. The cod were fed single and multiple meals with ration size in the range 0.5 to 4.1% of total wet fish body weight. Ammonia production in each feeding experiment was monitored continuously.For single‐meal experiments, significant relationships were derived between ration size and (a) total ammonia excreted, (b) total exogenous ammonia excreted above endogenous excretion levels, (c) duration of the elevated phase of ammonia excretion, (d) maximum rate of ammonia excretion, and (e) time delay after feeding to reach maximum rate of ammonia excretion. Relationships between nitrogen loss as ammonia and nitrogen intake were examined and estimates of endogenous excretion rate and maintenance ration made.Repetitive feeding resulted in cyclical variation in ammonia excretion. At the lowest ration size, ammonia excretion rates had nearly returned to the pre‐feeding level within 24 h. At higher feeding levels, the effect of each successive meal tended to be cumulative, resulting in increasingly higher ammonia excretion rates which only stabilized towards the end of the experiments.