Abstract
Recalling or recognising the human face is a difficult task under the best of circumstances. The practical situation in which face recognition has received the most attention, the identification of criminal suspects in photographic or live lineups, often involves additional factors that would make such recognition even more difficult. These factors include stress at the time of the original incident, poor lighting, a relatively brief opportunity to observe the person, and attention being drawn to other aspects in the situation such as a weapon, escape opportunities, or the plight of the victim (if it is not the observer). All of these factors help make eyewitness identifications a very controversial class of evidence. Judge Nathan Sobel (1972, p.vi), for example, suggested that inaccurate eyewitness identifications have accounted for more miscarriages of justice in the U.S. criminal justice system than all other factors combined.
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