Abstract
High-fat diet consumption and lack of physical activity are important risk factors for metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance is a state of a weakened response of tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver to insulin, which causes an increase in blood glucose levels. This condition is the result of inhibition of the intracellular insulin signaling pathway. Skeletal muscle is an important insulin-sensitive tissue that accounts for about 80% of insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Although the exact mechanism by which insulin resistance is induced has not been thoroughly understood, it is known that insulin resistance is most commonly associated with obesity. Therefore, it is believed that lipids may play an important role in inducing insulin resistance. Among lipids, researchers’ attention is mainly focused on biologically active lipids: diacylglycerols (DAG) and ceramides. These lipids are able to regulate the activity of intracellular enzymes, including those involved in insulin signaling. Available data indicate that physical activity affects lipid metabolism and has a positive effect on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles. In this review, we have presented the current state of knowledge about the impact of physical activity on insulin resistance and metabolism of biologically active lipids.
Highlights
Obesity is commonly defined as a state of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation leading to health deterioration [1]
Type 2 diabetes is a civilization disease associated with functional disorders in all main organs that are involved in glucose and lipids metabolism, including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and pancreatic β–cells [9]
The basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is insulin resistance described as a weakened response of peripheral tissue to insulin, which in turn leads to impaired glucose homeostasis in The body [10]
Summary
Obesity is commonly defined as a state of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation leading to health deterioration [1] It is a major risk factor in The development of many non-communicable diseases, i.e., cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, gallbladder diseases, and cancer. T2D is often associated with other complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy These disorders decrease The quality of life and cause severe economic and social burdens [7]. Physical activity improves lipid metabolism and blood pressure, it may reduce total daily insulin requirements in people on insulin treatment and is at least as effective in diabetes prophylaxis as medicines [13]
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