The Influence of Nutritional and Lifestyle Factors on Glioma Incidence.

Joanna Bielecka,Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska

doi:10.3390/nu12061812

Joanna Bielecka, Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061812

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Journal: Nutrients	Publication Date: Jun 17, 2020
Citations: 20	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Medical University of Białystok

Abstract

Cancers are the first main cause of premature death in developed countries. Since brain tumors, especially gliomas, are the most lethal type of cancers, risk factors for their prevalence are still being discussed. Nearly 30–50% of all cancers could be prevented by proper nutritional habits and other lifestyle factors, but their influence on the tumors of the central nervous system has not been explained completely and still requires further studies. That is why we attempted to review the available research in this field, with a special focus on the factors with the proven protective activity observed in other cancers. Adequate vegetables and antioxidants (such as vitamins C and A) provided with a diet could have a protective effect, while other factors have shown no correlation with the incidence of glioma. However, further studies are necessary to determine whether fish, coffee, and tea consumption may prevent glioma. Maintaining proper body weight and undertaking a sufficient level of daily physical activity also seem to be important. Excessive body mass index (BMI) and higher attained height have increased the risk of glioma. In order to link more accurately the chosen factors to the prevalence of gliomas, it seems necessary to conduct large cohort, prospective, controlled studies in different world regions.

Highlights

Cancers are the first main cause of premature death in developed countries; this has been confirmed in 48 (28%) of 172 study countries among people under the age of 70, based on the epidemiological data of the World Health Organization (WHO)
This paper was based on the articles published in English-language journals until December 2019, available in three electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, which meet required quality standards in relation to the information on the dietary and lifestyle factors discussed in this paper and their association with the prevalence of gliomas
It is considered to be a risk factor for brain tumors because of its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and a neurotoxic effect. This may lead to structural changes in the hippocampus in adolescence and decreased brain volume in adulthood, probably contributing to the changes in the axonal integrity and myelination [8]

Summary

Introduction

Cancers are the first main cause of premature death in developed countries; this has been confirmed in 48 (28%) of 172 study countries among people under the age of 70, based on the epidemiological data of the World Health Organization (WHO). Lung cancer and breast cancer were diagnosed most frequently—each one constituted 11.6% of new cases. The highest mortality of all cancer deaths was caused by lung cancer (18.4%). Regarding the available statistics for both sexes, brain tumors are not included in the 10 most common cancers and in the 10 cancers that cause the highest number of deaths. Despite this fact, the comparison of the age-standardized rate data for tumors incidence of the brain and the central nervous system (CNS) (3.9/100,000 in men and 3.1/100,000 in women) and mortality (3.2/100,000 in men and 2.3/100,000 in women) indicates extremely poor prognosis for this group of patients [1]

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