Abstract
The aim of this work is to describe the change of physical properties of the callus material with the use of the proposed mathematical model for callus remodeling. Callus tissue can be considered as a biomaterial where it’s properties change over time due to the stimulated healing process. The proposed model is based on the mechanical stimulus theory. It is used to estimate the stress-stimulated change in the callus, Young’s modulus, and the density in the case of a mandible fracture. Three healing loading programs are discussed and compared: optimal, intermittent, and intermittent with residual load. Here, the optimal loading program is understood as the in-time change of stimulating loads, which results in the shortest necessary healing time and, simultaneously, in the most uniform distribution of material density in the analyzed domain. The necessary healing time is a period after which the callus density (and hence the Young’s modulus) reaches the desired value. The results of the study suggest a significant difference in the value of the callus maximal density between all three analyzed loading programs for a given healing time interval. The highest values of the density are obtained using the optimal loading program, however, all three programs provide satisfactory density distributions. The analytical results are compared with the callus density estimation based on the computer tomography (CT) medical data.
Highlights
The mandible is the only load-bearing, moveable bone in the skull
The fibroblasts within the granulation tissue develop into chondroblasts and this process culminates in a new mass of heterogeneous tissue, which is known as a fracture callus
We focus on the physiological response of the callus tissue to external load action, exhibited in the corresponding change of its density
Summary
The mandible (lower jaw) is the only load-bearing, moveable bone in the skull. Fractures in the mandible may happen as a result of infection, car accident, falling, sudden hit, or after a resection for pathology, e.g., cancer, treatment. As the only moveable bone of the cranium (skull), the mandible is subject to stresses and because of its shape, location, and function, the loads are unique to it [1]. This work focuses on the mandible fractures and healing process of the callus tissue after trauma Such processes are known and thoroughly described for long bones, but in literature, there are no such works about mandible where complex states of stress and strain occur. The callus is a tissue formed between two bone parts after bone trauma This process consists of three phases: reactive, reparative, and the remodeling phase during which different cells take part. The fibroblasts within the granulation tissue develop into chondroblasts and this process culminates in a new mass of heterogeneous tissue, which is known as a fracture callus. The mineralized matrix is penetrated by osteoblasts, which form new lamellar bone in the form of the trabecular bone [2]
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