The Influence of Illness Perception and Coping on Anxiety in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract

BackgroundUp to one-half of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) experience psychological distress, including anxiety. ObjectivesThis paper sought to: 1) assess the contribution of illness perception in explaining anxiety symptoms beyond sociodemographic and medical variables in adults with CHD; and 2) investigate the potential mediating effect of coping style. MethodsCHD adult patients were recruited at Montreal Heart Institute between June 2019 and April 2021 for this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to self-reported questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, and Brief COPE). Medical characteristics (CHD complexity, NYHA functional class, and cardiac devices) were collected from medical records. We conducted hierarchical multiple linear regression and mediation analyses. ResultsOf the 223 participants (mean age 46 ± 14 years, 59% women), 15% had clinically significant anxiety symptoms. Medical and sociodemographic variables explained 15% of the variation in anxiety symptoms. Adding illness perception explained an additional 18% of the variation in anxiety. This R2 change was significant (F[1,188] = 49.06, P < 0.0001). Illness perception explained more variance (18%) than medical and sociodemographic variables combined. A more threatening perception of illness was associated with greater anxiety symptoms (β = 0.45, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, illness perception was associated with coping, which was linked to reduced anxiety symptoms. Coping response style accounted for 20% of the total effect of illness perception on anxiety. ConclusionsIllness perception and coping are associated with anxiety in adults with CHD. Future initiatives should assess whether targeting these potentially modifiable factors effectively prevents or mitigates anxious symptoms in adults with CHD.