Abstract
Hydrochar (HC), produced by hydrothermal carbonization, offers technical advantages over biochar (BC) produced by pyrolysis, and is suitable for soil amelioration, carbon sequestration, and enhanced plant growth. BC grain size has been shown to influence nutrient retention, microbial colonization and aggregate formation; however, similar research for HC is lacking. Pot trials were conducted to investigate the influence of HC grain size [coarse (6.3–2 mm), medium (2–0.63 mm) and fine (< 0.63 mm)], produced from biogas digestate, for soil improvement in three soils: loamy Chernozem, sandy Podzol, and clayey Gleysol, at a 5% HC application rate (w/w). All soils including two controls (with and without plants) were analysed for water holding capacity (WHC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), wet aggregate stability, pH, plant available nutrients (PO4–P, K and Nmin) and germination and biomass success using standard laboratory and statistical methods. Soil pH showed a compensatory shift toward the HC pH (7.2) in all soils over the course of the study. For example, the pH of the medium grained HC treatment for the Chernozem decreased from 7.9 to 7.2 and increased in the Podzol and Gleysol from 5.9 to 6.1 and 4.9 to 5.5, respectively. The nutrient-rich HC (2034 ± 38.3 mg kg−1 PO4–P and 2612.5 ± 268.7 mg kg−1 K content) provided only a short-term supply of nutrients, due to the relatively easily mineralized fraction of HC, which allowed for quick nutrient release. The pH and PO4–P effects were most pronounced in the fine grained HC treatments, with a ~ 87%, ~ 308% and ~ 2500% increase in PO4–P content in the Chernozem, Podzol and Gleysol, respectively, compared to the controls at the beginning of the study. The same trend was observed for the K and NH4+ content in the fine and medium grained HC treatments in all soils. No seed germination inhibition of Chinese cabbage was observed, with average germination rates > 50% in all soils. An effect on NO3− content was indeterminable, while there was little to no effect on biomass production, WHC, CEC and aggregate stability. In conclusion, the application of 5% fine grained HC significantly influenced the nutrient content over a short-term. However, the application rate was insufficient to substantially improve plant growth, nor to sustain a longer-term nutrients supply, regardless of grain size.
Highlights
Intensified agricultural and energy production resulting from increasing global demands on resources such as energy, food and land have seen deleterious consequences for the global climate and soils through, inter alia, increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduced soil quality
Post the three-month plant growth experiment (T2), no distinguishable trend between HC grain size and water holding capacity (WHC) was apparent for all soils, a general decreasing tendency in WHC was observed for the amended soils from Time 1 (T1) to Time 2 (T2)
With the exception of the G leysolfine, there were no significant differences in biomass production between HC amended soils and the controls, nor between HC grain size treatments in all soils (Fig. 7)
Summary
Intensified agricultural and energy production resulting from increasing global demands on resources such as energy, food and land have seen deleterious consequences for the global climate and soils through, inter alia, increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduced soil quality. The highly fertile Terra Preta de Indio soils of the Amazon Basin attribute their high carbon (C) content to the deliberate addition of charcoal-like materials over thousands of years by the prehistoric local inhabitants as well as by long-term mulching and frequent burning practices (Glaser et al 2002; Lehmann and Rondon 2006; Sombroek et al 1993; Steiner et al 2009a, b; WinklerPrins 2014). The link between these practices and the improved soil quality. An alternative to BC by pyrolysis is hydrochar (HC) produced by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
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