Abstract
Bisphenol A, used in the production of plastic, is able to leach from containers into food and cause multidirectional adverse effects in living organisms, including neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders. Knowledge of the impact of BPA on enteric neurons is practically non-existent. The destination of this study was to investigate the influence of BPA at a specific dose (0.05 mg/kg body weight/day) and at a dose ten times higher (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day), given for 28 days, on the porcine ileum. The influence of BPA on enteric neuron immunoreactive to selected neuronal active substances, including substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT—used here as a marker of cholinergic neurons), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART), was studied by the double immunofluorescence method. Both doses of BPA affected the neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons. The observed changes depended on the type of enteric plexus but were generally characterized by an increase in the number of cells immunoreactive to the particular substances. More visible fluctuations were observed after treatment with higher doses of BPA. The results confirm that even low doses of BPA may influence the neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons and are not neutral for living organisms.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound that is widely used in the manufacture of plastic, among others in the production of bottles, toys, food containers, and medical dental products [1,2].Since BPA is able to leach into food from polycarbonate containers, humans are exposed to this substance mainly through the digestive tract [2]
Appetite, and increments in body weight of animals treated with BPA were similar to to those those in in the the control control animals
Besides acetylcholine—the main neuromediator of the enteric nervous system (ENS)—a broadmost spectrum of other neuronal factors have been described in intestinal neurons [36,37,38]
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound that is widely used in the manufacture of plastic, among others in the production of bottles, toys, food containers, and medical dental products [1,2]. Since BPA is able to leach into food from polycarbonate containers, humans are exposed to this substance mainly through the digestive tract [2]. Previous studies have shown that bisphenol A may have various negative effects on living organisms due mainly to the structural similarities of this substance to estrogen [6,7]. BPA displays high-affinity binding to estrogen receptors and, above all, can have negative effects on the reproductive system [8] and metabolism [9]. It is known that even a short exposure to BPA during the prenatal and early periods of life can induce changes in the growth of reproductive organs and may change hormone levels, which may last a lifetime [10]
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