Abstract
Unravelling the relationships between insect population dynamics and habitat properties is often complex. Established theoretical concepts, which predict an influence of available resources on sex determination, have often not been tested with quantitative field data. Cavity-nesting Hymenoptera are suitable to assess the influence of habitat properties on reproductive parameters, as haplodiploidy enables direct responses to local conditions. We hypothesize that with increasing resource availability, the population sex ratio (share of females per site), sex allocation preference per individual offspring (the probability of producing either a male or a female offspring per brood cell) and resource allocation per individual offspring will be favouring towards females. We sampled offspring of Osmia cornuta, Osmia caerulescens and Trypoxylon figulus and their resource provisions using trap nests on 30 study sites in an agricultural landscape in southwest Germany, from March to August 2020. The potential influence of resource availability, landscape variables, temperature, seasonal progression, and nesting opportunities on sex and resource provisions was tested. Population sex ratio was not related to habitat properties. Sex allocation preference in the three species, however, depended on several variables including cavity size and seasonal progression, with pronounced differences amongst species. Individual resource provisioning mainly differed between sexes, as male larvae received less provisions than female larvae. As there was no influence of resource availability, we conclude that the sex ratio of established populations was balanced at the selected study sites by available resources in the landscape. At the individual scale, sex and resource allocation were influenced in species-specific ways. As such, sex determination and resource allocation are essential life history properties of sexually reproducing organisms.
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