The Influence of Frequency Containment Reserve on the Operational Data and the State of Health of the Hybrid Stationary Large-Scale Storage System

Jan Figgener,Kevin Jacqué,Lucas Koltermann,Dirk Uwe Sauer,Sebastian Zurmühlen

doi:10.3390/en15041342

Abstract

The expansion of renewable energy with its volatile feed-in character places higher demands on the power grid of the future. Large-scale storage systems (LSS) are a promising option for supporting the electricity grid and have been gaining importance in the last years, both on the market for frequency containment reserve (FCR) and in research. The majority of publications investigating the interaction between storage and FCR are based on simulations rather than on field measurements. This paper presents the analyses of multi-year, high-resolution field measurements of the hybrid 6 MW/7.5 MWh battery storage “M5BAT” to address this issue. The influence of FCR operation on the operation and degradation of the hybrid LSS and the individual battery technologies is investigated via a statistical evaluation of the historical operating data between 2017 and 2021. The data-based analysis of the LSS and the individual battery technologies reveals a high availability of the LSS of over 96.5%. Furthermore, the FCR operation results in an average SOC of the LSS of 50.5% and an average C-rate of the battery units of 0.081 C. A capacity test after four years of operation exposes that the lead-acid batteries have experienced a loss of energy capacity of up to 36%, whereas the lithium batteries have only experienced a loss of up to 5%. The calendar ageing predominates in this context. The presented results can be used to investigate and model the influence of FCR on the operation and battery degradation of the LSS and its different battery technologies.

Highlights

Europe’s aim of climate neutrality until 2050 leads to an increased expansion of renewable energy installation [1]
M5BAT operating on the frequency containment reserve (FCR) market reveals that the Large-scale storage systems (LSS) has 96.5% of the time at least one available battery unit due to its parallel structure of the battery units and is characterised by a high availability
The decisive factor for the low availability of the lead-acid batteries lies in the undeveloped battery management system (BMS), which is insufficiently adjusted to the ageing processes of the battery

Summary

Introduction

Europe’s aim of climate neutrality until 2050 leads to an increased expansion of renewable energy installation [1]. Due to their dependency on external environmental factors, the feed-in of renewable energies has a higher volatility, which they pass on to the electricity grid. At the end of 2019, storage systems with an energy storage capacity of. [4], for example, examines the provision of FCR in combination with other applications (multi-use) for LSS. [5] restricts the analysis to the participation of the storage in the FCR market, but considers the combination of a hybrid storage systems of lead-acid and lithium technologies with a power-to-heat coupling Ref. [5] restricts the analysis to the participation of the storage in the FCR market, but considers the combination of a hybrid storage systems of lead-acid and lithium technologies with a power-to-heat coupling

Methods

Results

Conclusion