Abstract
In recent years, the spot and ancillary service markets have become a relevant source of revenue for stationary battery storage systems. During this period, many markets have become increasingly flexible with shorter service periods and lower minimum power requirements. This flexibility makes the markets attractive for pools of electric vehicles (EVs), providing the opportunity to earn additional revenue. In this paper, multi-year measurement data from 22 commercial EVs are used to develop a simulation model to calculate the available power of an EV pool. In addition, the driving logbooks of >460 vehicles from commercial fleets of 14 different economic sectors are analyzed. Based on our simulations, we discuss the influence of shorter service periods on available pool power and power uncertainty. The key findings are that, especially at times with a high pool power, the uncertainty is low. This leads to the conclusion that commercial fleets offer a highly reliable power profile during known idle times depending on the economic sector. All investigated 14 sectors show high and reliable power availability at night and most show this availability also during weekends while others show a regular driving pattern seven days a week. These results are applicable to any energy market. To have a concrete use case, the impact of frequency containment reserve (FCR) flexibilization on the economics of an EV pool is analyzed using the German FCR market design from 2008 to 2022. It is shown that, depending on the fleet, especially the two recent changes in service periods from one week to one day and from one day to 4 h generate the largest increase in available pool power. Further future reductions in FCR service periods will only produce minor benefits, as idle times are often already longer than service periods. According to our analysis, revenues of about 450 €/a to 750 €/a could have been achieved per EV in the German FCR market between mid-2020 and the first quarter of 2022.
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