Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the academic literature has legitimised the significant impact of environmental conditions on entrepreneurial activity. In the past 5 years, in particular, the academic debate has focused on the elements that configure entrepreneurship ecosystems and their influence on the creation of high-growth ventures. Previous studies have also recognised the heterogeneity of environmental conditions (including policies, support programs, funding, culture, professional infrastructure, university support, labour market, R&D, and market dynamics) across regions/countries. Yet, an in-depth discussion is required to address how environmental conditions vary per entrepreneurial stage of enterprises within certain regions/countries, as well as how these conditions determine the technological factor of the entrepreneurial process. By reviewing the literature from 2000 to 2017, this paper analyses the environmental conditions that have influenced the transitions towards becoming potential entrepreneurs, nascent/new entrepreneurs, and established/consolidated entrepreneurs in both developed and developing economies. Our findings show why diversity in entrepreneurship and context is significant. Favourable conditions include professional support, incubators/accelerators, networking with multiple agents, and R&D investments. Less favourable conditions include a lack of funding sources, labour market conditions, and social norms. Our paper contributes by proposing a research agenda and implications for stakeholders.
Highlights
In the past three decades, the literature has outlined the critical impact of environmental conditions on entrepreneurship and economic growth (Urbano et al 2019)
Differences matter; and where, when, and why those differences matter most need to be ascertained. It opens up the discussion on the diversity of contexts and types of entrepreneurship that should be understood by analysing their nature, richness, and dynamics (Welter 2011; Karlsson et al 2019)
Inspired by this academic gap, in this paper, we review the previous literature in order to identify which environmental conditions have been affecting entrepreneurial processes per type of economy
Summary
In the past three decades, the literature has outlined the critical impact of environmental conditions on entrepreneurship and economic growth (Urbano et al 2019). Relevant insights can be gained, it is not yet clear which environmental conditions (policies, support programs, funding, culture, professional infrastructure, university support, labour market, infrastructure, networks, R&D, and market dynamics) exert an influence during the exploration, exploitation, and consolidation of entrepreneurial initiatives (technological vs non-technological) per type of economy (developed vs developing economies) (Guerrero and Urbano 2019b). In this vein, Welter et al It opens up the discussion on the diversity of contexts and types of entrepreneurship that should be understood by analysing their nature, richness, and dynamics (Welter 2011; Karlsson et al 2019)
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