The influence of drought on red oak group species growth and mortality in the Missouri Ozarks

Abstract

The effects of drought on growth of red oak group species were studied by examining basal area increment and ring width index patterns of dominant Quercuscoccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak) and Quercusvelutina Lam. (black oak) trees sampled in 1990–1991 on 62 continuous forest inventory plots located across the southeastern Missouri Ozark Mountains. Trees of both species were older on plots that had suffered high mortality and showed post-1979 reductions in growth rate compared with trees growing on low-mortality plots. Quercuscoccinea trees from high-mortality plots that were dead at the time of sampling exhibited a distinct flattening in growth rate after the mid-1930s, although death did not occur for many years. Severe droughts in 1980 and 1986–1988 were associated with further accentuated reductions in growth rate in dead trees. Dead Q. coccinea that had grown on plots with lower mortality showed comparable reductions in basal area index and similar post-1979 growth patterns, but the departure in basal area index between living and dead trees occurred 2 decades later and was associated with a severe drought during 1953–1956. Additionally, dead trees on lower mortality plots grew faster than living trees for many years before the 1953–1956 drought, suggesting that rapid early growth rates may predispose trees to early death under certain conditions. The ring width index chronologies of both species growing on high- and low-mortality plots were significantly correlated with Palmer drought severity index values, further emphasizing that drought has an important influence on growth of red oak group species in the Missouri Ozarks. Analysis of first differences of ring width index chronologies indicated that severe drought had an additional persistent effect involving long-term reductions in the sensitivity of growth to climate. The results are consistent with previously hypothesized mechanisms of stand dieback and emphasize the role of severe droughts in predisposing trees to eventual death.