The influence of CO 2 gas and carbonate water on the mechanical stability of chalk

Abstract

The mechanical strength of high porosity chalk is affected by using carbonate water as EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) fluid. The water-weakening effect is enhanced due to increased dissolution of chalk in the presence of CO 2(aq). In this study, the mechanical properties of chalk were compared with and without CO 2(aq) present in the injected water. By use of a standard triaxial cell, series of samples with and without pre-flooding at confining pressure of 0.5–1.0 MPa were hydrostatic loaded up to yield point at room temperature or 90 °C. Then a major part of the samples were exposed to subsequent creep and flooding phases at increased stress levels of about 2 MPa above yield point. In all cases flooding experiments were performed without any backpressure and with flooding pressure varying between 0.2 and 0.8 MPa. Injection of pure CO 2 gas into water-saturated chalk resulted in only marginal weakening of the chalk material. At stress levels below the yield point, the chalk exposed to carbonate water becomes considerably weaker than chalk flooded with pure Eq. Water. At a given flooding pressure of carbonate water, an increase in temperature to 90 °C improved the chalk stability. Flooding with CO 2 saturated modified seawater, which contained an enhanced concentration of sulfate, increased the strain significantly due to the precipitation of CaSO 4·2H 2O(s). The preferential oil-wet cores at S or = 0.62 experienced an increased strain of 20% compared to the water-wet test series during flooding with CO 2-saturated Eq. water. Increasing the confining pressure by a factor of 10, strain values of about 10 times higher or even more were observed when flooding with carbonate water. The experimental observations are discussed in terms of chemical and pressure dissolution of chalk.