The influence of chemical protection on the content of heavy metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing on the soil enriched with granular sludge

E Wołejko,R Konecki,M Grobela,B Łozowicka,P Kaczyński

doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6143-8

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals in Triticum aestivum L. growing on the soil enriched with granular sludge after chemical protection was observed. The five variants of treatments using herbicide (Chwastox Turbo 340SL) and four fungicides (Topsin M 500SC, Amistar 250SC, Artea 330EC, and Falcon 460EC) were performed. On control and experimental plots, the concentration of Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cu in wheat leaves were in the range 0.32–0.99, 0.92–1.57, 0.89–6.31, and 7.08–12.59 mg/kg and in grains 0.03 to 0.11, 0.14–0.25, 0.11–0.76, and 1.06–1.46 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Pb in grain protected by MCPA and 2,4-D with thiophanate-methyl and azoxystrobin was higher than the maximum levels of 0.20 mg/kg D.M. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) differed and depended on chemical protection. The highest value of BCF was achieved for Cd. The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between concentration of metals and quality parameters of wheat. One observed significant negative correlations between Ni/Zeleny sedimentation value (r = −0.51) and between Pb/starch content (r = −0.57). Positive correlations were observed between Cd/yield, the number of grains/ergosterol concentration (respectively, r = 0.41, r = 0.55, r = 0.56), and Zn/thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) at a p ≤ 0.05.

Highlights

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most popular cereals cultivated in the world, holding a large yield potential
Influence of chemical treatments on migration of metals in plant and wheat grains The results shown in Fig. 1 indicate that the application of the six variants of protection treatments influenced the migration of different heavy metals from the soil to plants
The concentrations of heavy metals in wheat leaves and grains depended on variants of chemical protection

Summary

Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most popular cereals cultivated in the world, holding a large yield potential. Versatile use in food, feed, and pharmaceutical field forces the production of high quality and quantity yield (Singh et al 2010). Wheat belongs to plants susceptible to attacks of fungal pathogens, pests, and weeds, which lead to significant yield losses (Łozowicka et al 2012). The severity of their occurrence is related to climatic conditions, monoculture crop with the simplification of cultivation methods, or ineffective protection (Bjorling-Poulsen et al 2008). Used plant protection products contribute to inhibiting the growth of pathogens, pests, and weeds and to stimulating the growth, the presence of assimilation pigments, and yield of plants (Balba 2007; Łozowicka et al 2016)

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Results

Conclusion