Abstract
The influence of Bi-nonstoichiometry of Na0.5Bi0.5+xTiO3+1.5x (NBT) on the depolarization temperature Td was investigated by in-situ direct piezoelectric measurements (d33) and Resonant Piezoelectric Spectroscopy (RPS). For the latter measurements, the converse piezoelectric effect was used to determine the temperature dependence of the piezoelectric effect and elastic modulus. The composition x = 0.01 shows Td = 137 °C, whereas in x = 0 and x = 0.015 Td = 177 °C. The composition with x = 0 has defects, such as oxygen/bismuth vacancies, related to the loss of Bi2O3 that occurs during high temperature sintering, such as oxygen/bismuth vacancies. At x = 0.01, these defects are minimized via the compensation of Bi2O3 loss, whereas x = 0.015 contains excess Bi2O3. This indicates that minimization of defects decreases Td, while higher Td values are attributed to the shift of the transition temperature between the rhombohedral and the intermediate phases.
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