Abstract
This paper presents the results of tests on high performance concrete (HPC) prepared and cured at various ambient temperatures, ranging from 12 °C to 30 °C (the compressive strength and concrete mix density were also tested at 40 °C). Special attention was paid to maintaining the assumed temperature of the mixture components during its preparation and maintaining the assumed curing temperature. The properties of a fresh concrete mixture (consistency, air content, density) and properties of hardened concrete (density, water absorption, depth of water penetration under pressure, compressive strength, and freeze–thaw durability of hardened concrete) were studied. It has been shown that increased temperature (30 °C) has a significant effect on loss of workability. The studies used the concrete slump test, the flow table test, and the Vebe test. A decrease in the slump and flow diameter and an increase in the Vebe time were observed. It has been shown that an increase in concrete curing temperature causes an increase in early compressive strength. After 3 days of curing, compared with concrete curing at 20 °C, an 18% increase in compressive strength was observed at 40 °C, while concrete curing at 12 °C had a compressive strength which was 11% lower. An increase in temperature lowers the compressive strength after a period longer than 28 days. After two years of curing, concrete curing at 12 °C achieved a compressive strength 13% higher than that of concrete curing at 40 °C. Freeze–thaw performance tests of HPC in the presence of NaCl demonstrated that this concrete showed high freeze–thaw resistance and de-icing materials (surface scaling of this concrete is minimal) regardless of the temperature of the curing process, from 12 °C to 30 °C.
Highlights
It is clear that the concrete mixture preparation temperature in the range from 12 ◦ C
At 30 ◦ C, immediately after mixing the ingredients, a minimum slump (20 mm) is observed, while at 12 ◦ C this value is as high as 280 mm, which is beyond the applicability range of this test method
This paper presents the results of research on the influence of ambient and curing temperature on the properties of the concrete mixture and hardened high performance concrete (HPC)
Summary
Temperature Influence on the Hydration Process of Portland Cement. It is known that the rate of reaction of cement hydration grows with increasing temperature. The consequence of this is a faster increase in the strength of concrete in the early stage of maturation [1,2,3]. The influence of temperature on the cement hydration process has been the subject of many studies. It has been found that, in the early stages of maturation, the rate of hydration of the alite significantly increases along with an increase in temperature, but later (from 28 to 90 days) it decreases depending on the type of cement [4].
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