Abstract
Climate change induces droughts that are becoming more intensive and more frequent than ever before. Most of the available forecast tools predict a further significant increase in the risk of drought, which indicates the need to prepare solutions to mitigate its effects. Growing water scarcity is now one of the world’s leading challenges. In agriculture and environmental engineering, in order to increase soil water retention, soil additives are used. In this study, the influence of a newly developed water absorbing geocomposite (WAG) on soil water retention and soil matric potential was analyzed. WAG is a special element made from geotextile which is wrapped around a synthetic skeleton with a superabsorbent polymer placed inside. To describe WAG’s influence on soil water retention and soil matric potential, coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils were used. WAG in the form of a mat was used in the study as a treatment. Three kinds of samples were prepared for every soil type. Control samples and samples with WAG treatment placed at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm were examined in a test container of 105 × 70 × 50 cm dimensions. The samples had been watered and drained, and afterwards, the soil surface was heated by lamps of 1100 W total power constantly for 72 h. Soil matric potential was measured by Irrometer field tensiometers at three depths. Soil moisture content was recorded at six depths: of 5, 9, 15, 19, 25, and 30 cm under the top of the soil surface with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement devices. The values of soil moisture content and soil matric potential were collected in one-minute steps, and analyzed in 24-h-long time steps: 24, 48, and 72 h. The samples with the WAG treatment lost more water than the control samples. Similarly, lower soil matric potential was noted in the samples with the WAG than in the control samples. However, after taking into account the water retained in the WAG, it appeared that the samples with the WAG had more water easily available for plants than the control samples. It was found that the mechanism of a capillary barrier affected higher water loss from soil layers above those where the WAG had been placed. The obtained results of water loss depend on the soil type used in the profile.
Highlights
The impact of climate change on the environment, including people’s lives, is noticeable [1,2,3,4].More and more frequent problems with access to water and droughts are influencing agriculture andWater 2019, 11, 1731; doi:10.3390/w11081731 www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2019, 11, 1731 the safety of civil earth constructions [5,6,7,8]
The changes in soil matric potential were higher in the samples with the water absorbing geocomposite (WAG) than in the control samples
After summarizing water losses in soil profiles and taking into account the water retained in the WAG, it appeared that the samples with the WAG had more water available for plants than the control samples
Summary
Water 2019, 11, 1731 the safety of civil earth constructions [5,6,7,8]. This indicates the need to prepare solutions to mitigate the effects of the changes and to avoid unnecessary risk [9,10]. Grass covers or shrubs, used for bioengineering slope stabilization, are exposed upon water scarcity [11,12]. An incorrect application of geosynthetics at the superficial layer of the slope might increase the drought stress of plants and further induce surface erosion [27,28]. Applying a superabsorbent polymer to the soil by a mixing method can be dangerous because it reduces the soil shear strength [29]
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