Abstract
BackgroundThe drivers of space use patterns of multi-species groups have been poorly studied, although mixed-species avian flocks are common throughout the world. In a mixed-species flock, multiple species move together and maintain proximity. The different species may or may not have conflicting preferences of space use. We hypothesized that the space use patterns of the flock are driven by a single species.MethodsWe investigated the behavioral drivers of space use patterns of mixed-species flocks in Amazonian Peru by mapping 95% fixed-kernel home ranges of three flocks, which then we divided into high-use (inner 55% kernel utilization distribution) and low-use areas (lying outside the high-use area). We quantified the foraging and anti-predator behavior of individual birds in the flocks. We tested whether foraging and anti-predator behavior of different species were different in high use and low use areas of the flock.ResultsWe collected 455 spatial points and 329 foraging and anti-predator behavior observations on three flocks. The single best model for explaining the space use patterns of the flocks contained only vegetation density that surrounded Dusky-throated Antshrikes.ConclusionThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that a single species in mixed-species flocks has a disproportionately large influence on space use patterns. The surrounding vegetation density of the Dusky-throated Antshrike was the only driver of space use patterns of flocks supported by our data. The results may apply to flocks pantropically, many of which are led by species that behave similarly to the Dusky-throated Antshrike, e.g. Asian flocks led by drongos (Dicrurus spp.).
Highlights
The drivers of space use patterns of multi-species groups have been poorly studied, mixedspecies avian flocks are common throughout the world
The mean vegetation density of the Duskythroated Antshrike was lower in the high use areas of the flock than low use areas (Table 3)
The results supported our prediction that the surrounding vegetation density of the Dusky-throated Antshrike, explained space use patterns of mixed-species flocks
Summary
The drivers of space use patterns of multi-species groups have been poorly studied, mixedspecies avian flocks are common throughout the world. In a mixed-species flock, multiple species move together and maintain proximity. We hypothesized that the space use patterns of the flock are driven by a single species. The proximate drivers of associating with other individuals include mating opportunities, antipredator defense, and increased foraging efficiency. For similar reasons (barring mating opportunities), animals. Throughout the world, hundreds of species participate in mixed-species flocks [8, 29, 55]. A mixed-species flock is a group of individual birds that move spatially and independent of each other, in the same direction [26]. Recent studies have focused on flock composition [4, 82], physical and behavioral similarities among flock participants [72,73,74], the stability of flocks over time [45], and the effect of urbanization on flock dynamics (2019) 7:37
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