Abstract
The impact of refraction, attenuation, and scattering due to a near-surface bubbly layer on acoustic propagation modeling can be significant in appropriately sensitive surface duct and shallow water environments. Hall [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1103–1117 (1989)] presents a semi-empirical acoustic model to determine the propagation affects of the bubbly layer on one-way horizontal transmission in a surface duct. Expressions for the depth-dependent complex sound speed and attenuation are used to extend the Hall model to the general near-surface acoustic interaction problem. The rough surface scattering at the air–sea interface and the propagation through the subsurface bubbly layer are treated independently in a simplified approach toward examining the impact of bubbles on modeled surface duct and shallow water transmission loss. The dependence of the ‘‘effective’’ surface loss on grazing angle and wind speed are analyzed in the frequency band of approximately 0.5–5 kHz.
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