The "Infernaccio" Gorges: Microbial Diversity of Black Deposits and Isolation of Manganese-Solubilizing Bacteria.

Abstract

Simple Summary“Infernaccio” gorges are one of the Earth’s hidden habitats in Central Italy. Beyond the deep incisions and high slopes, these gorges are characterized by black deposits in gorge walls and covering rock surfaces. Several geological events have shaped these unique geological formations and their microbiota. This study investigated microbial contribution to black deposit formation and isolating Mn-oxide-solubilizing bacteria. Our results provided evidence of the putative role of Bacteria and Archaea in forming manganese oxide deposits. Findings also showed that these deposits are a source of valuable strains with manganese oxide bioleaching properties, essential for bioremediation and metal recovery.The present study explored the microbial diversity of black deposits found in the “Infernaccio” gorge. X-ray Powdered Diffraction (XRPD) was used to investigate the crystallinity of the samples and to identify the minerals. Scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to detect the bacterial imprints, analyze microbe–mineral interactions, and highlight the chemical element distribution in the black deposits. 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding allowed the study of Archaea and Bacteria communities. Mn-oxide-solubilizing isolates were also obtained and characterized by culturable and molecular approaches. The multidisciplinary approach showed the occurrence of deposits composed of birnessite, diopside, halloysite, and leucite. Numerous bacterial imprints confirmed the role of microorganisms in forming these deposits. The Bacteria and Archaea communities associated with these deposits and runoff waters are dynamic and shaped by seasonal changes. The uncultured and unknown taxa are the most common and abundant. These amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were mainly assigned to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Six isolates showed interesting Mn solubilization abilities under microaerophilic conditions. Molecular characterization associated isolates to Brevibacterium, Bacillus, Neobacillus, and Rhodococcus genera. The findings enriched our knowledge of geomicrobiological aspects of one of the Earth’s hidden habitats. The study also unveiled the potential of this environment as an isolation source of biotechnologically relevant bacteria.