Abstract
When the bishop received a notarial deed recording the election of a parish clerk by the parishioners or a deed of presentation from a patron, he issued an inspeximus ordering the induction. This writ was countersigned by the inducting cleric. Ceremonies of induction were becoming less important, but they remained the common practice for the appointment of a parish clerk in medieval Scotland. The fundamental element in early feudal conveyancing was the oral ceremony before witnesses. Possession was by common agreement. Early charters are evidential and decorative rather than donative. This element of common consent survived in the title deeds of the parish clerk in its lists of witnesses, usually ending with a compendious et multis aliis.1
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