Abstract
In this study, 42 Wistar albino male rats (n = 42, 8 weeks old) were used. Rats were divided into 6 groups and 7 rats included each group. Groups: (i) Control group: Standard diet; (ii) RJ (royal jelly) group: Standard diet + royal jelly; (iii) F50 group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride; (iv): F100 group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride; (v) F50+RJ group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly; (vi): F100+RJ group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly. After 8 weeks, the rats were decapitated, and their muscle tissues were removed. Expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Bax, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-α) and Bcl-2 proteins in muscle tissue were determined by western blotting method. Histopathological analyses were also performed on the muscle tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) analyses were determined by a spectrophotometer. According to the obtained results, Bcl-2, TNF-α and IL1-α protein expression was increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and Bax protein expression levels decreased in damage groups. MDA level increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while CAT and GSH levels increased with royal jelly application in royal jelly-given group in comparison to the flouride-exposed group. According to histopathological analysis results, edema and inflammatory cell formations were found in the injury groups, a tendency to decrease in these injuries was observed in the treatment groups. Based on these results, we can say that royal jelly has protective effects on muscle tissue against fluoride damage.Graphical abstract
Highlights
In recent years, especially nutritional-based measures have begun to be taken to reduce or eliminate the effects of free radicals that play a leading role in the origin of many diseases, including cancer
When the F50 + Royal jelly (RJ) and F100 + RJ groups were compared with the F50 and F100 groups, a statistically significant differences observed (p
When the Bcl-2 protein expression rates were examined in Fig. 4B,G it was observed that there was a statistically significant increase in the fluoride damage groups compared to the control and RJ groups
Summary
Especially nutritional-based measures have begun to be taken to reduce or eliminate the effects of free radicals that play a leading role in the origin of many diseases, including cancer. One of these foods is royal jelly. Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 proteins play an important role in the mechanism of apoptosis. Caspases are localized in the cell cytosol They are divided into two groups as initiator and effector caspases. They inhibit DNA polymerase enzyme activity and allow the cell to undergo apoptosis and disappear. IL-1α is produced by activated macrophages as well as neutrophils, epithelial cells and endothelial cells (Tilg and Moschen 2006; Feng et al 2011; Aslan and Can 2014; Pekmezci et al 2018; Aslan et al 2020b, c)
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