Abstract
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DSTs), cyclic imines (CIs), ciguatoxins (CTXs), azaspiracids (AZTs), palytoxin (PlTXs), tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and their analogs, some of them leading to fatal outcomes. MTs have been reported in several marine organisms causing human poisoning incidents since these organisms constitute the food basis of coastal human populations. In African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, to date, only South Africa has a specific monitoring program for MTs and some other countries count only with respect to centers of seafood poisoning control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the occurrence of MTs and associated poisoning episodes as a contribution to public health and monitoring programs as an MT risk assessment tool for this geographic region.
Highlights
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in marine ecosystems can be one of the great threats to public health due to their capacity to produce marine toxins (MTs) as secondary metabolites [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
MTs can be accumulated by distinct marine organisms such as fish, mollusks and crustaceans [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] which are the basic diet of coastal human populations
This review analyses the occurrence of MTs and their produ2 coef r5s0 along the African Indian and the Red Sea coasts and associated human pseoaifsooondincgomepmiseorcdieasl.izTahtieonex[1is8t,e2n0c,2e6,o3f5,m39o,4n5it,o47ri,n49g].pDroegsrpaimtesthoef iMdeTasl ewnivllirboenmalesnotahligchonlidghittieodnsafnodr fthineafollrym, astoimoneosfubglogoemstisoinnsthfoisrgtehoegrcaopnhtircoall aarneda, pthreerveeanrteioinsuoffimcieanritndeattaoxreinlasteidn tothtihseiarreoaccuwrirlelnbce panredsetonxteind.production [50]
Summary
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in marine ecosystems can be one of the great threats to public health due to their capacity to produce marine toxins (MTs) as secondary metabolites [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. This review analyses the occurrence of MTs and their produ coef r5s0 along the African Indian and the Red Sea coasts (from Egypt to South Africa) and associated human pseoaifsooondincgomepmiseorcdieasl.izTahtieonex[1is8t,e2n0c,2e6,o3f5,m39o,4n5it,o47ri,n49g].pDroegsrpaimtesthoef iMdeTasl ewnivllirboenmalesnotahligchonlidghittieodnsafnodr fthineafollrym, astoimoneosfubglogoemstisoinnsthfoisrgtehoegrcaopnhtircoall aarneda, pthreerveeanrteioinsuoffimcieanritndeattaoxreinlasteidn tothtihseiarreoaccuwrirlelnbce panredsetonxteind.production [50]. This review analyses the occurrence of MTs and their producers along the African Indian and the Red Sea coasts (from Egypt to South Africa) and associated human p2.oMisoanriinnge eTpoixsiondseas.nTdhTeheexiirstPernocdeuocfemrsonitoring programs of MTs will be highlighted and someCshuegmgeicsatilolyn,s tfooxritnhse ccaonntrboel agnroduppreedveanctcioonrdoifnmg atrointehetoirxipnos lianritthyi,s lairpeoapwhiillilcbeanpdresheyndterodp. Further information related to each toxin group such as syndromes, producers, common vectors, symptoms, detections methods in seafood, limit of. Okadaic acid (OA)and its analogs act as inhibitors of the serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases 1,22B,4,5 types [57,58]
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