Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water as a mouthwash through the evaluation of its in vivo toxicity by embryonic zebrafish and antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methodology: Each 1.5–3.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), or calcium chloride (CaCl2) were added into an electrolyzer with 300 mL of DD water to produce electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water. A zebrafish embryo assay was used to evaluate acute toxicity of specimens. Antimicrobial property was conducted with 100 μL microbial count of 1 × 108 cfu/mL S. mutans to blend with each 10 mL specimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for various time points. The concentration of viable microorganisms was assessed according to individually standardized inoculum by a plate-count method. Results: Among the EO water produced from NaCl, NaBr, and CaCl2, the EO water from NaCl showed a relatively low mortality rate of zebrafish embryos and was chosen for a detailed investigation. The mortality rates for the groups treated with EO water containing 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl were not statically different from those of a negative control, however the mortality rate was 66.7 ± 26.2% in 0.2% CHX gluconate for the same treatment time of 0.5 min. All of the HOCl or 2.0% CHX gluconate groups showed >99.9% antimicrobial effectiveness against S. mutans; while the 0.2% CHX gluconate group showed a bacterial reduction rate of 87.5% and 97.1% for treatment times of 0.5 min and 1.0 min, respectively. Conclusions: Except for the 0.2% CHX gluconate, all the HOCl specimens and 2.0% CHX gluconate revealed similar antimicrobial properties (>99.9%) against S. mutans. The EO water comprised of both 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl showed >99.9% antimicrobial efficacy but with little in vivo toxicity, illuminating the possibility as an alternative mouthwash for dental and oral care.
Highlights
Dental and oral health are of great importance for overall health and well-being
The pH value and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) waters were measured by a pH/mV/CON/TDS/SAL/DO/◦ C multifunction water analysis meter (HD-PHC700S, Hondwen, Taipei, Taiwan) equipped with pH electrodes (TN-T651-GB, Hondwen, Taipei, Taiwan) and ORP
Unlike the typical EO water electrolyzer equipped with a permeation membrane to individually produce acidic EO water and alkaline EO water, the bottle-type electrolyzer produced an EO water mixture from the product streams of anode and cathode
Summary
Dental and oral health are of great importance for overall health and well-being. Upholding good oral hygiene is important to battle dental cavities and gum disease possibly linked to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes [1,2,3,4]. Unlike cosmetic mouthwashes that are usually used for temporary bad breath control, therapeutic mouthwashes include antimicrobial agents for effective bacterial reduction and prevention of receding gums, gingivitis, dry mouth, and plaque buildup [7]. Typical therapeutic mouthwashes are comprised of active ingredients such as cetylpyridinium chloride for reducing bad breath [8], chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate for plaque and gingivitis control [9], fluoride for decay prevention [10], and peroxide for tooth whitening [11]
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