Abstract
Background/aimAspartame (APM, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methylester) is a low-calorie, nonsaccharide artificial sweetener widely used in foods and beverages. When metabolized by the body, APM is broken down into aspartic acid, phenylalanine amino acids, and a third substance, methanol. Since the amino acid phenylalanine serves as a neurotransmitter building block affecting the brain, and methanol is converted into toxic formaldehyde, APM has deleterious effects on the body and brain. Thus, its safety and, toxicity have been the subjects of concern ever since it was first discovered. Although many studies have been performed on it, due to the presence of conflicting data in the literature, there are still numerous question marks concerning APM. Therefore, the safety of aspartame was tested using in vitro methods.Materials and methodsWe aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effects by using 3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase release tests, genotoxic damage potential by using chromosome aberration (CA) assay, and antioxidant/oxidant activity by using total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) analysis in primary human whole blood cell cultures.ResultsThe results of the MTT test showed that APM led to significant decreases in cell viability in a clear concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, an increase in CA frequency was found in the cells treated with APM. However, APM treatments did not cause any significant changes in TAC and TOS levels in whole blood cultures.ConclusionOverall, the obtained results showed that APM had genotoxicity potential and a concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity in human blood cells.
Highlights
High intensity-sweeteners (HIS) are natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic chemical substances used as an alternative to sugar in food products, beverages, and some oral medications
The results of the MTT test showed that APM led to significant decreases in cell viability in a clear concentration-dependent manner
APM treatments did not cause any significant changes in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels in whole blood cultures
Summary
High intensity-sweeteners (HIS) are natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic chemical substances used as an alternative to sugar in food products, beverages, and some oral medications. APM was approved as an artificial sweetener by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1981 [3], and is used in more than 6000 products, in non-alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, sugar, yoghurt, and some pharmacological products such as sugar-free cough drops [4]. At the reports of American Dietetic Association, World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture of the United Nations have determined an acceptable daily intake (ADI) as a conservative estimate that can be used as a safety marker for artificial sweeteners. APM is absorbed by the intestinal lumen and hydrolyzed into phenylalanine
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