Abstract
Abstract. The activation of aerosols to form cloud droplets is dependent upon vertical velocities whose local variability is not typically resolved at the GCM grid scale. Consequently, it is necessary to represent the subgrid-scale variability of vertical velocity in the calculation of cloud droplet number concentration. This study uses the UK Chemistry and Aerosols community model (UKCA) within the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM3), coupled for the first time to an explicit aerosol activation parameterisation, and hence known as UKCA-Activate. We explore the range of uncertainty in estimates of the indirect aerosol effects attributable to the choice of parameterisation of the subgrid-scale variability of vertical velocity in HadGEM-UKCA. Results of simulations demonstrate that the use of a characteristic vertical velocity cannot replicate results derived with a distribution of vertical velocities, and is to be discouraged in GCMs. This study focuses on the effect of the variance (σw2) of a Gaussian pdf (probability density function) of vertical velocity. Fixed values of σw (spanning the range measured in situ by nine flight campaigns found in the literature) and a configuration in which σw depends on turbulent kinetic energy are tested. Results from the mid-range fixed σw and TKE-based configurations both compare well with observed vertical velocity distributions and cloud droplet number concentrations. The radiative flux perturbation due to the total effects of anthropogenic aerosol is estimated at −1.9 W m−2 with σw = 0.1 m s−1, −2.1 W m−2 with σw derived from TKE, −2.25 W m−2 with σw = 0.4 m s−1, and −2.3 W m−2 with σw = 0.7 m s−1. The breadth of this range is 0.4 W m−2, which is comparable to a substantial fraction of the total diversity of current aerosol forcing estimates. Reducing the uncertainty in the parameterisation of σw would therefore be an important step towards reducing the uncertainty in estimates of the indirect aerosol effects. Detailed examination of regional radiative flux perturbations reveals that aerosol microphysics can be responsible for some climate-relevant radiative effects, highlighting the importance of including microphysical aerosol processes in GCMs.
Highlights
The indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols – through their interactions with clouds – are currently one of the most uncertain perturbations to the radiative energy balance at the top of the atmosphere (Forster et al, 2007)
A crucial link between aerosol and cloud is that aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in a process known as aerosol activation (Köhler, 1936)
This microphysical process must be parameterised if the large-scale effects are to be represented in a general circulation model (GCM), and several parameterisations have been developed, evaluated and implemented in GCMs in the last decade
Summary
The indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols – through their interactions with clouds – are currently one of the most uncertain perturbations to the radiative energy balance at the top of the atmosphere (Forster et al, 2007). A crucial link between aerosol and cloud is that aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in a process known as aerosol activation (Köhler, 1936). This microphysical process must be parameterised if the large-scale effects are to be represented in a general circulation model (GCM), and several parameterisations have been developed, evaluated and implemented in GCMs in the last decade (see Ghan et al, 2011).
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