Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms are closely involved in the immune system and its regulation. Here, we describe this relationship and provide recommendations regarding the influence of sleep and circadian rhythms on vaccination success. We review studies investigating how viral susceptibility is influenced by changes in immunological parameters as a consequence of sleep deprivation. Short sleep duration and poor sleep efficiency both appear to be strong factors leading to greater vulnerability. In addition, both sleep duration and the time of day of the vaccination seem to be associated with the magnitude of the antibody response after vaccination. Based on these findings, a recommendation would consist of a sleep duration of 7 h or more every night to both reduce the risk of infection and to optimize the efficacy of vaccination with respect to circadian timing. Improving sleep quality and its circadian timing can potentially play a role in preventing infection and in vaccination benefits. In conclusion, sufficient (or longer) sleep duration is important in both reducing susceptibility to infection and increasing antibody response after vaccination.
Highlights
Sleep is an essential part of daily life, and, over the last few years of research, it has become increasingly evident that sleep is a key component for many vital functions
It is thought that the clock may exert its influence on immunity by regulating sleep, and, given the interdependence of sleep and circadian rhythms, it is not surprising that immunological activities affected by insufficient sleep resemble those that are affected by circadian disruption
In the case of susceptibility to viral infection, it was found that sleep and circadian disruptions alter cytokine production, which results in a chronic imbalance in immune homeostasis in favor of a proinflammatory state
Summary
Sleep is an essential part of daily life, and, over the last few years of research, it has become increasingly evident that sleep is a key component for many vital functions. The adaptive immune system is more specialized, taking more time to respond, but is capable of targeting a pathogen entering the body Taken together, all these components are critical to host resistance to infectious diseases, such as common cold and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. All these components are critical to host resistance to infectious diseases, such as common cold and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection Another hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the ability to “remember” the pathogen for a faster response the time the same pathogen is encountered. These studies are consistent with other U-shaped associations between sleep duration and health outcomes Another important aspect is that the amount of sleep a person had at the time of vaccination against viral infections has an influence on their immune response. We highlight how these immunological mechanisms are related to the global ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, give an overview of the latest studies in this area, and provide recommendations for research and healthcare
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