Abstract
Rhizobia which are soil bacteria capable of symbiosis with legume plants in the root or stem nodules and perform nitrogen fixation. Rhizobial genera include Agrobacterium, Allorhizobium, Aminobacter, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Devosia, Mesorhizobium, Methylobacterium, Microvirga, Ochrobacterum, Phyllobacterium, Rhizobium, Shinella and Ensifer (Sinorhizobium). Review of the literature was carried out using the keywords Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Herbaspirillum and Sinorhizobium. Rhizobial nodulation symbioses steps are included flavonoid signaling, Nod factor induction, and Nod factor perception, root hair responses, rhizobial infection, cell division and formation of nitrogen-fixing nodule. Rhizobium improves sustainable production by boosting organic nitrogen content.
Highlights
The ability of adaptation of Rhizobia in diverse environment namely soil, rhizosphere and grown within legume roots may lead to nitrogen fixation, in a complicated process which contain a coordinated exchange of signal between the symbionts and plants (Ghosh and Maiti, 2016; Jack et al, 2019; Torabian et al, 2019)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is a gram-negative, soil-born phytopathogenic bacterium which is called a nature’s engineer because of its ability to genetically transform the host by transferring a DNA fragment (TDNA) from its Ti plasmid to host-cell genome (Guo et al, 2009; Guo et al, 2011; Nester, 2015; Guo et al, 2017; Sun et al, 2018; Wixom et al, 2018)
Slow-growing rhizobia classified within the genus Bradyrhizobium, including B. japonicum, B. lupine, B. canariense and B. elkanii species have role in nodulating of lupines species (Peix et al, 2015; Shamseldin et al, 2017; Stepkowski et al, 2018; Mellal et al, 2019)
Summary
The food shortage is expecting in coming year as the population of the world has increased very fast (Khoshkharam et al, 2010; Riaziat et al, 2012; Soleymani et al, 2016; Shahrajabian et al, 2020), while climate change and natural resource depletion has caused many problems in food security (Soleymani et al, 2011a,b; Yazdpour et al, 2012; Abdollahi et al, 2018; Shahrajabian et al, 2019a,b; Sun et al, 2019, 2020). Rhizobia which are soil bacteria capable of symbiosis with legume plants in root or stem nodules and perform nitrogen fixation for the host (De Meyer et al, 2015) are traditionally belong to the genera Azorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium (Sawada et al, 2003; Nandasena et al, 2004). The most important group of nitrogen fixing soil bacteria which can lead to mutualistic symbiotic association (root nodules) with leguminous plants are rhizobia (Gage, 2004: Werner, 2007; van Ham et al, 2016). It can nodulate Lathyrus spp., Pisum sativum, Melilotus indicus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Securigera varia, Trifolium and Vicia plants.
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