The importance of patient characteristics, operators, and image quality for the accuracy of heart failure diagnosis by general practitioners using handheld ultrasound devices.

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To evaluate whether the characteristics of patients, operators, and image quality could explain the accuracy of heart failure (HF) diagnostics by general practitioners (GPs) using handheld ultrasound devices (HUDs) with automatic decision-support software and telemedical support. Patients referred to an outpatient cardiac clinic due to symptoms indicating HF were examined by one of five GPs after dedicated training. In total, 166 patients were included [median (inter-quartile range) age 73 (63-78) years; mean ± standard deviation ejection fraction 53 ± 10%]. The GPs considered whether the patients had HF in four diagnostic steps: (i) clinical examination, (ii) adding focused cardiac HUD examination, (iii) adding automatic decision-support software measuring mitral annular plane systolic excursion (autoMAPSE) and ejection fraction (autoEF), and (iv) adding telemedical support. Overall, the characteristics of patients, operators, and image quality explained little of the diagnostic accuracy. Except for atrial fibrillation [lower accuracy for HUD alone and after adding autoEF (P < 0.05)], no patient characteristics influenced the accuracy. Some differences between operators were found after adding autoMAPSE (P < 0.05). Acquisition errors of the four-chamber view and a poor visualization of the mitral plane were associated with reduced accuracy after telemedical support (P < 0.05). The characteristics of patients, operators, and image quality explained just minor parts of the modest accuracy of GPs' HF diagnostics using HUDs with and without decision-support software. Atrial fibrillation and not well-standardized recordings challenged the diagnostic accuracy. However, the accuracy was only modest in well-recorded images, indicating a need for refinement of the technology.