The Importance of Interferon-Tau in the Diagnosis of Pregnancy.

Alicja Kowalczyk,Marcjanna Wrzecińska,Ewa Czerniawska-Piątkowska,Arturo Ortega

doi:10.1155/2021/9915814

Abstract

Several decades of improving dairy cattle towards unilateral utilization of dairy cattle led to enormous progress in the field of milk yield; however, it resulted in a number of unfavorable features, such as reproductive disorders, increased calf mortality, and reduced health. Most cases of embryo loss and/or lost pregnancies occur during the first four to five weeks of gestation; accurate detection for pregnancy during this period is likely to contribute to an improvement in gestation rates. A specific protein, interferon-tau (IFNT), stimulates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and their expression increases during gestation within 21 days after insemination. In bovines, the early conceptus undergoes a phase of rapid growth and elongation before implantation, the latter occurring 2–3 weeks after fertilization. IFNT acts mainly in the endometrium of the luminal epithelium. It is a new type I interferon that regulates several genes encoding uterine-derived factors. They are crucial in the processes of preparing the uterus for placenta attachment, modifying the uterine immune system, and regulating early fetal development. Because IFNT is expressed and induces ISGs in the endometrium during pregnancy recognition, it was reasoned that surrogate markers for pregnancy or IFNT might be present in the blood and provide an indicator of pregnancy status in cattle.

Highlights

Enormous success in net milk production has been achieved due to the selection of dairy cattle
If pregnancy is not detected at an early stage, it results in an extension of the calving interval and reduced milk production
Improving reproductive performance by increasing the pregnancy rate and shortening the calving intervals is a consequence of early pregnancy detection in cows after insemination [7]

Summary

Introduction

Enormous success in net milk production has been achieved due to the selection of dairy cattle. If pregnancy is not detected at an early stage, it results in an extension of the calving interval and reduced milk production It causes economic losses [5, 6]. Maternal recognition of the pregnancy period where bovine conceptus secretes IFNT to signal its presence within the uterus occurs between days 12 and 26 of pregnancy [41]. On day 7 after artificial insemination, embryo-dependent factors are already able to modulate ISGs, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and water channel and solute transport pathways in the endometrium at the uterotubal junction of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL [44], demonstrating that IFNT secretion may occur before the classic maternal recognition period of pregnancy. In the morula as well as the blastocyst stage, the production of IFNT begins It increases with the elongation of the embryo (days 14–17 in cattle). Initiation of expression of INFT transcription factors e first Morula mitotic stage divisions of the Spherical Ovoid Tubular Implantation form, blastocyst form hatching

28 Day of pregnancy

Conclusion

Conflicts of Interest