Abstract
PurposeMinimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) devices that drain into the subconjunctival space can be inserted via an ab externo or ab interno approach. Limited experimental data exists as to the impact of either technique on intraocular pressure (IOP) control. We performed microfluidic studies by using ex vivo rabbit eyes to assess the effect of each approach on outflow resistance of a subconjunctival drainage device for IOP control.MethodsA microfluidic experiment system was designed, consisting of a controlled reservoir of water connected to a pressure pump/flow sensor. The flow rate of water was fixed at 2 μl/min to simulate aqueous humor production. The pressure readings for each approach were recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz. A baseline reading was made before tube insertion into the eye (PEEK tube length set to aim for an initial outflow resistance of 5 to 10 mm Hg/μL/min) followed by measurements for a cumulative 2-ml volume entering the subconjunctival space. Results were adjusted for water viscosity at 37°C and reported as outflow resistance (mm Hg/μL/min ± standard error of mean).ResultsOutflow resistance via the ab interno approach was 90.4% higher than with the ab externo approach being measured at 0.80 ± 0.11 mm Hg/μL/min and 0.42 ± 0.05 mm Hg/μL/min, respectively. Bleb formation was observed to be less predictable with the ab interno approach.ConclusionsThe ab interno approach demonstrated greater outflow resistance and less predictable bleb formation than the ab externo approach. These results have implications for long-term IOP control and success depending on the approach to device insertion and could be an important consideration for future MIGS devices.Translational RelevanceThe effect of the ab interno versus ab externo approach of a MIGS device inserted into the subconjunctival space was assessed. The ab interno approach demonstrated greater outflow resistance and less predictable bleb formation that may have implications for the development of future MIGS devices.
Highlights
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss worldwide and is associated with raised intraocular pressure (IOP).[1,2] Surgical treatment options include glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) or the insertion of a glaucoma drainage device (GDD)
It was observed that the resulting subconjunctival bleb following the ab externo approach tended to match the area of dissection created using Westcott scissors, the bleb was smaller and more variable following the ab interno approach
Once an outflow pathway was established at baseline and following insertion of the PEEK tubing via the ab interno or ab externo approach, there was minimal variation in data recording for each individual eye (Fig. 3)
Summary
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss worldwide and is associated with raised intraocular pressure (IOP).[1,2] Surgical treatment options include glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) or the insertion of a glaucoma drainage device (GDD). A recent Medicare study observed a 43% decrease in the number of trabeculectomies and a 184% increase in aqueous shunt surgery performed between 1995 and 2004 in the United States.[4] despite the increased usage of GDDs, there are still complications associated with their use, including choroidal effusion, aqueous misdirection, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, decompression retinopathy, corneal edema, diplopia, and uncontrolled IOP requiring further intervention.[5]
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