Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.
Highlights
Reticulon proteins (RTNs) are a family of membrane-bound proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery following central nervous system (CNS)injury or diseases [1]
Despite the fact that all RTN proteins are expressed in the brain, RTN4A and RTN3 are assigned the most significant role in the physiological and pathological processes in the CNS
The overexpression of RTN4A is related to many critical neuropathological processes leading to the development of neurodegeneration in the CNS
Summary
Reticulon proteins (RTNs) are a family of membrane-bound proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery following central nervous system (CNS). The present paper lends insight into the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs, RTN-4A (Nogo-A), important in neurodegeneration It summarises the findings of studies exploring their potential clinical usefulness—as a diagnostic tool or a therapeutic target. RTNs are widely present in all tissues of eukaryotic organisms, each protein of the reticulon family displays a unique expression pattern that corresponds to relevant issue and cell types (Table 1). Analysis of mRNA has demonstrated that all reticulons (RTN1-4) are present in the brain and the expression of the majority of them (RTN1-A, RTN1-C, RTN2-A, RTN2-B, Nogo-A/RTN4-A) is highest in nervous system tissues, members of the RTN1 and RTN4 subfamily appear to be of primary importance for CNS function [14]. RTN1 ( known as neuroendocrine-specific protein—NSP) is located primarily in neurons of various brain regions and neuroendocrine cells [13,14]
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