The impacts of the intended transition of Pakistan from geo-politics to geo-economics

Introduction: The study's relevance lies in its focus on analysing the international legal aspects of foreign policy, emphasising the research of balancing social welfare and strategic interests in diverse state models. To analyse the transformation of foreign policy in modern conditions, to evaluate the impact of international law on foreign policy and the impact of foreign policy strategies of states on international law, and to examine the leading international legal issues of foreign policy in modern conditions. Objectives: The article aims to analyse the transformation of foreign policy in modern conditions, assess the impact of international law on foreign policy, and examine the influence of states' foreign policy strategies on international law. Methods: The study combines complementary general scientific theoretical methods, including analysis, synthesis, and abstraction. The integration of analysis and synthesis ensured an objective and comprehensive examination of aspects of foreign policy relations in the context of the dynamics of international law. Results: The essay analyses European foreign policy's main prospects and threats. International legal issues related to foreign policy strategies are examined, which is significant as contemporary processes are shaping the formation of a new system of international relations. It is argued that this allows for a fresh perspective on the role of welfare states in the context of their foreign policy and international law. The European Union's foreign policy is analysed and implemented either through the Common Foreign and Security Policy under the leadership of the European Council or via international economic negotiations conducted by the European Commission. A new type of relations among major powers, particularly under Xi Jinping, is characterised. It is identified that the "Belt and Road Initiative" is the main, though not the sole, programme launched by China, one of whose primary objectives is to create an environment of cooperation among states. Conclusions: The EU's enlargement is an integral part of the development of European integration, and the new wave of EU enlargement will serve as an investment in the continent's security. The doctrine of US foreign policy aims to achieve a safer, more democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the country, its citizens, and the international community.

The article examines economic diplomacy's essence and functions in Central Asian states' foreign policy. It explores historical politics-economics interrelationship and transformation under globalization and regionalization of contemporary international relations. Through comparative analysis of five Central Asian countries' foreign policy concepts, various approaches to institutionalizing economic diplomacy as independent direction or integral part of overall foreign policy strategy are identified. The study demonstrates economic diplomacy's key role in strengthening trade-economic ties, attracting foreign investments, and developing regional integration. The author concludes economic diplomacy represents strategic instrument for enhancing competitiveness and ensuring sustainable development of Central Asian states amid dynamic geopolitical processes.

This study aims to comprehensively address the foreign policy cooperation processes shaped at the European Union (EU) level, especially in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), through the concept of Europeanization. In-depth analysis of the effects of the EU's integration and cooperation processes in the field of foreign policy on the national foreign policies of the member states is of great importance in understanding how this interaction is shaped both at the European and national levels. In this framework, it will be analyzed in detail how the EU's common foreign policy practices, which have been developed to increase its global influence, have harmonized with national interests and how they have sometimes come into conflict with these interests. Thus, it will be revealed how the EU's foreign policy strategies and national foreign policy dynamics interact. In this context, this study aims to examine the challenges faced by the EU in the foreign policy-making process and the historical, theoretical and practical obstacles in solving these challenges within the framework of the concept of Europeanization. It aims to analyze the development of foreign policy cooperation within the EU, especially in the period starting with the Maastricht Treaty, and the balance between the member states' desire to protect their national sovereignty and their efforts to establish a common foreign policy. In doing so, the scope and dimensions of the Europeanization process of national foreign policies in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy will be discussed and the formation process of the EU foreign policy and the important turning points in this process will be analyzed.

«М’ЯКА СИЛА» ЯК ХАРАКТЕРНА ОЗНАКА ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ВПЛИВУ ВЕЛИКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ ЗАУМОВ БАГАТОПОЛЯРНОГО СВІТУ В ЛАТИНОАМЕРИКАНСЬКОМУ РЕГІОНІ

‘Balanced foreign policy’ is a term which is frequently used by decision makers, academics, political leaders and general public in Nepal’s foreign policy, especially concerning our immediate neighborhood. The Foreign Policy of Nepal- 2077 also states that Nepal practices balanced and independent (santulit and swatantra) foreign policy. The issue is being debated further in recent years as some felt that Nepal’s foreign policy tilted towards China after the Indian blockade of 2015. However, there seems to be no common understanding of what ‘balance’ means or what does it imply for Nepali foreign policy. Drawing on the foreign policy of Nepal from 1950-1990, this paper argues that Nepal has not practiced ‘balanced’ foreign policy in those years. Nepal has bandwagon with India, diversified its relations, and attempted neutrality. This paper, further, argues that ‘balance’ implies a zero-sum game mentality. Hence, ‘balance of power’ is neither desirable nor achievable. Nepali foreign policy requires a major national discussion on its foreign policy and framing that relies on mutual gains.

Against the background of dynamic changes in global and regional processes, the Japanese political class still needs to continue the course aimed at "normalization". Thus, the main directions of Japan's foreign policy were: strengthening defense capabilities, making major commitments within the framework of the Japanese-American alliance, and intensifying diplomatic efforts in the Pacific. This scientific article will identify the main directions of Japan's foreign policy. The purpose of the study is to determine the most important characteristics of Japan's foreign policy in the new world order and the direction of their evolution at the beginning of the XXI century. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the transformation of Japan's foreign policy strategy is associated with the modification of domestic policy and the task of Japanese diplomacy to ensure national interests in the new world order. On the practical basis of the research, as a result of the reforms, the country's defense capabilities are expanding, tasks within the framework of the Japanese-American alliance are increasing, and directions of active positioning in the international arena are being analyzed. As a result of the study, the main characteristics of participants in the foreign policy decision-making system were identified and changes in Japan's foreign policy course at the beginning of the XXI century were analyzed. In addition, the political aspects of Japanese participation in the processes of regional economic integration at the beginning of the XXI century are analyzed. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study allows for a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the formation and implementation of Japan's foreign policy. A systematic approach allows us to consider global, regional, as well as domestic political, military-political and ideological processes and trends affecting Japan's foreign and defense policy in the dynamics of their interaction and interaction. In Japan, to identify the main trends in the field of foreign policy decision-making, the methodology of systemic historical analysis was used, which allows us to trace the evolution of relations between subjects, institutions, as well as changes in political and legal norms that determine the course of the state in the field of international politics and security.

The article analyzes the work of Sh. Mirziyoyev during his tenure as president. The author also tries to analyze the foreign and domestic policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan when the new President of the country was coming. In a short period of time, Sh. Mirziyoyev carried out a colossal work. A new stage of development a new stage of political, economic, and social reforms began for Uzbekistan. The head of state managed to bring foreign policy to a completely different level. Within the framework of the Strategy of action on five priority directions of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017- 2021, the new President outlined the main priority of Uzbekistan's foreign policy - Central Asia. Sh. Mirziyoyev voiced his intentions to create a belt of good neighborliness and mutually beneficial cooperation in the Central Asian region. But implementing a multi-vector and balanced foreign policy, he managed to establish cooperation not only with neighboring republics but also with the leaders of world powers. The leader of the Republic of Uzbekistan shows his openness, readiness for dialogue, and strengthening of mutual trust and cooperation with all countries.

The article reveals the essential characteristics of the economization of Ukraine’s foreign policy, the stages of its formation. It turns out that the world’s leading countries have a long history of foreign policy economization, which is based on the postulate of ensuring economic growth and promoting prosperity as its main goal. The formation of the principles of economic policy of foreign institutions of Ukraine is a combination of Soviet traditions and patterns of world practice. Emphasis is placed on the negative impact of the multi-vector foreign policy of Ukraine’s main actors on its economization. It is argued that economic diplomacy is in a constant process of reform, which is not always consistent, which negatively affects its effectiveness. Attention is focused on the importance of Ukraine’s cooperation with international organizations in the context of the armed conflict in the East and the sharp reduction of export-import operations with Russia. The problems of functioning of the institute of economic diplomacy are covered: the presence of competition of foreign policy and foreign economic departments of Ukraine, the absence of diplomats – qualified managers of foreign economic activity, lack of funding, staff reduction.It is concluded that in the context of globalization the role of the social function of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and its diplomatic corps, which is to provide information and legal protection of Ukrainian citizens abroad, is growing. It is necessary to actively create the institution of "non-state diplomacy". Foreign economic institutions need to provide maximum assistance to exporters of high valueadded products. The pro-government circles of Ukraine do not always have the understanding or desire to understand that the powerful economic component of our state’s foreign policy and the effective economic diplomacy that embodies it are a significant contribution to the power of Ukraine’s economy and its national security. The issue of the separation of functions of pro-government institutions remains largely unresolved, primarily with regard to the powers of the administration / office of the President and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ukraine’s successful export expansion should be based on more fundamental systemic tools than the adopted Export Strategy. There is an urgent need not only to preserve but also to improve the overall foreign policy strategy, to strengthen its priorities and basic principles. &nbsp

Sixteen years ago the government of Ethiopia adopted the 2002 Foreign Affairs and National Security Policy, which emphasized ‘economic diplomacy’ as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. A central component of the strategy has been regional integration with Ethiopia’s neighbours in the Horn and Eastern Africa. Since then the political contexts have changed dramatically. Ethiopia is now seen as an attractive destination for labour-intensive manufacturing and the government continues to invest in mega infrastructure and power generation projects to drive its industrial ambition. However, the Ethiopian state faces a storm of internal and external threats that could undermine its ambitious programme of economic transformation and regional integration. This chapter assesses the extent to which the emphasis on ‘economic diplomacy’ has helped the government achieve its goals of economic development, regional integration, and peace and stability in a region where state weakness, poor governance, and vulnerability to external pressures are endemic.

Abstract: The pivotal role of diplomacy in the transition from India’s Look East Policy to the Act East Policy offers a comparative study of the two strategic frameworks. The Look East Policy, initiated in the early 1990s, marked India’s proactive engagement with Southeast Asia to enhance economic and strategic ties. In 2014, the policy evolved into the Act East Policy, reflecting a more dynamic and assertive approach to the region. This study delves into the historical background of both policies, highlighting the factors that necessitated this strategic shift. Through an in-depth analysis of diplomatic strategies, this paper compares the approaches used during the Look East and Act East periods. Specific case studies of diplomatic engagements with key Southeast Asian nations and regional organizations, such as ASEAN, illustrate the changes and continuities in India’s foreign policy. The study also examines India’s role in regional and multilateral forums, assessing how its participation and influence have evolved. Economic diplomacy is a crucial aspect of this analysis, focusing on trade agreements, investment flows, and economic partnerships that have shaped India’s relations with Southeast Asia. Additionally, the paper investigates the role of security and strategic diplomacy in addressing India’s interests in the region. Cultural diplomacy, encompassing people-to-people exchanges, educational collaborations, and cultural events, is explored to understand its impact on strengthening India’s ties with Southeast Asia. The overall impact of diplomatic efforts under both policies is evaluated, providing insights into India’s foreign relations, regional influence, and strategic goals. This paper suggests potential future directions for India’s diplomatic strategies within the context of the Act East Policy, considering current geopolitical and economic trends. This comprehensive study aims to contribute to the understanding of India’s evolving diplomatic landscape and its implications for regional and global politics. Keywords: Look East Policy, Act East Policy, Indian foreign policy, Multilateral Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Security and Strategic Diplomacy.

The article analyzes the role of economic diplomacy in strengthening the Republic of Korea’s position in international relations. The author examines South Korea’s foreign policy and economic strategies at various historical stages of its development. Using the historical-chronological method, the author analyzes strategies aimed at attracting foreign investment, expanding export markets, and supporting domestic products, as well as measures taken after the Asian financial crisis. The role of economic diplomacy in the process of South Korea’s transformation into one of the world's leading economies is determined. The article also explores the impact of South Korea’s diplomatic initiatives on national economic development and its position in the global economic system. Special attention is given to the functions of economic diplomacy, such as concluding free trade agreements, organizing forums and missions, and entering foreign markets. The article concludes that the country’s economic diplomacy plays a crucial role in shaping the modern digital system, developing artificial intelligence, supporting innovative projects, and actively participating in global initiatives. The author analyzes the conceptual and ideological foundations of South Korea’s foreign policy in the 20th and 21st centuries, including the concepts of “middle power,” “soft power,” “creative economy,” and economic nationalism. Theoretical foundations of the issue, scientific studies in this field, statistical data, and official documents are examined. The study employs historical-chronological and comparative analysis methods, along with information systematization techniques. Along with studying South Korea’s experience in economic diplomacy, the article identifies that, under conditions of modern global instability, the country’s economic diplomacy faces a number of complex challenges related to mitigating and addressing critical threats in international relations. The research results contribute to the study of South Korea’s economic strategy and economic diplomacy and can be useful for analyzing the global economic situation and international relations issues.

Building, bridging, blocking: the EU’s approach towards sub- regional integration in its broader neighbourhood

Importance. The purpose of the study is to examine the Chiang Kai-shek government’s concept of using changes in the European environment to secure China’s strategic interests during the period from March 1939 (German occupation of Czechoslovakia) to October 1939 (full control of Poland by the USSR and Germany). The study includes an analysis of the decision-making process of Chiang Kai-shek and members of the government, as well as the impact of changes in the international environment on the implementation of their foreign policy strategy. The study of this topic contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of changes in the European environment in the early period of World War II on the situation in the Far East, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the development, transformation, and influencing factors of China’s relations with other countries during the entire period of the Japan-China War. Materials and Methods. The study is based on published or introduced into scientific circulation archival materials of China and Russia, as well as memoirs and diaries of key figures of the Chinese government of that period. These sources are analyzed using the methods of historical and documentary analysis. Results and Discussion. The results of the study indicate that the USSR’s actions towards Poland were the root cause why Chiang Kai-shek’s government was unable to realize the originally defined foreign policy strategy of promptly joining the “anti-aggressive bloc” led by Britain and France in order to quickly establish a link between the Japanese-Chinese War and the European military conflict. The results of the study demonstrate that the key role of the USSR in China’s foreign policy concept of that period, as well as the difficulties in defining relations between the USSR, Great Britain, France and Germany in the current international situation forced Chiang Kai-shek’s government to abandon the initial plans for forced joining the Anglo-French “antiaggressive bloc” in order to avoid provocations to the USSR. Conclusion. Chiang Kai-shek’s government failed to fully implement the foreign policy strategy conceived at this stage to achieve its goal of “quickly linking the Japan-China war to the European military conflict”, which caused a revival in government circles of the concept of “the need for early recourse to U.S. mediation in the Japan-China War”.

This article analyses the ‘Global Korea’ foreign policy strategy using the role theory framework of foreign policy analysis. A number of roles held by foreign policy makers form the ‘national role conception’ which describes the shared understanding concerning the proper role and purpose of a nation as a player in the international arena. These roles are affected by the expectations of the international system with its underlying norms as well as domestic interpretations of such norms. Domestic trends and socialization also contribute to the national role conception. I identify the national role conception of Korean foreign policy makers and the influences on the recent changes in their conception. The study explores how the actors interpret and perceive the functions and roles national foreign policy fulfills. The ‘Global Korea’ foreign policy initiative of the Lee Myung-bak government is the source material for a content analysis to gain insights in the influences on the construction of their role performance. South Korea increased its overseas development aid and participation in peacekeeping operations. Other roles include the repositioning as a global player, a culturally relevant nation as well as an economic power. The latter two roles are highlighted in the ‘Global Korea’ initiative, showing the domestic influences and continuation of previous role performances on national role conception among foreign policy makers. The analysis shows the linkage of foreign policy making and roles that are influenced by cultural and societal factors.

Purpose Economic statecraft is a critical aspect of China’s foreign policy and has played a vital role in China’s relations with its Asian neighbors. The Chinese economic ties with Asia are significant not only because China is the second largest economy in today’s world but also because it has an important impact on regional economic co‐operation and international supply chains. Relentless growth in military buildup and more assertive foreign policy led many pundits to focus almost exclusively on political and military aspects of the Chinese grand strategy in Asia. The purpose of this study is to re‐examine this picture by studying China’s economic statecraft in the region. Design/methodology/approach This paper will address following research questions: How does the Chinese foreign economic policy serve its political aspirations in East Asia? Why has China increasingly relied on a combination of economic pressures and incentives to achieve its foreign policy objectives? How effective is China’s economic diplomacy as a strategic weapon? What are the limitations of such policy? What challenges does Beijing face in exercising its economic power in East Asia? Findings Beijing has a comprehensive, long-term grand strategy in Asia, and economic statecraft is a major component of it. Economic statecraft is a double-edged sword. It has given the People’s Republic of China more political influence but frictions and disputes between China and its trading partners are growing as well. Even with the slower growth of the Chinese economy, China will continue to be a game changer for the region. The economic diplomacy has long been part of the foreign policy toolkit used by the People’s Republic of China and will play more important role in the years to come. Research limitations/implications Thus far, China’s expanding economic ties with many countries in the world have not generated significant spillover effects. Although China is the dominant economic partner for every country in East Asia, its “soft power” remains to be weak. With the slower growth of the Chinese economy, another looming issue is whether China is going to be able to make a shift away from a trade- and export-led growth model that brought its dramatic economic success. All these could lead China’s economic statecraft less potent. Meanwhile, it should be noted that Asian economies that once relied on the USA are reaching a turning point as China comes to the fore, a trend that may challenge the existing international order. Should this momentum continue, it could alter the balance of power between Washington and Beijing in the region. Practical implications For Beijing, economic statecraft concerns both the economic dimension of foreign policy and the strategic dimension of economic policy. Although there is a growing literature on China’s soft power and military capabilities, the study of the economic dimensions of China’s foreign policy remains underdeveloped. With rising confidence and sophistication, Beijing has deployed economic resources to achieve geopolitical aims. Originality/value Needless to say, China’s economic statecraft has already triggered heated debate in the United States, Asia and elsewhere in the international community. However, the study of the Chinese economic diplomacy has received relatively little scholarly attention in the English-speaking world. This paper will fill a gap in the analysis and literature.