Abstract
A typhoon is extreme weather that flushes terrestrial carbon (C) loads and temporally mixes the entire water columns of lakes in subtropical regions. A C flux varies based on the trophic level associated with the ecological cycle related to hydraulic retention time (residence time). Herein, we sought to clarify how the hydraulic retention time and the disturbance from a typhoon affect the C flux regimes in two subtropical mountain lakes in a humid region of Taiwan with different trophic levels—oligotrophic and mesotrophic. We investigated the meteorological data and vertical profiles of the water temperature, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and chlorophyll a (Chl. a) during the pre-typhoon period (April–July), during the typhoon period (August–November), and the post-typhoon period (December–March) for five years (2009–2010 and 2015–2017). We applied a three-dimensional environmental model (Fantom) to investigate the hydraulic retention effect on the net ecosystem production (NEP) using the residence time in stratified lakes. The results demonstrate that typhoon-induced mixing associated with the hydraulic retention effect plays one of the critical roles in controlling the NEP and C flux in shallow subtropical lakes.
Highlights
A typhoon is extreme weather that flushes terrestrial carbon (C) loads and temporally mixes the entire water columns of lakes in subtropical regions
The results demonstrate that typhoon-induced mixing associated with the hydraulic retention effect plays one of the critical roles in controlling the net ecosystem production (NEP) and C flux in shallow subtropical lakes
To clarify how typhoons affect dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), we investigated the influence of Typhoon Megi (No 1617; September 26–29, 2016), the strongest typhoon that occurred in Taiwan during the years from 2009 to 2017
Summary
A typhoon is extreme weather that flushes terrestrial carbon (C) loads and temporally mixes the entire water columns of lakes in subtropical regions. We sought to clarify how the hydraulic retention time and the disturbance from a typhoon affect the C flux regimes in two subtropical mountain lakes in a humid region of Taiwan with different trophic levels—oligotrophic and mesotrophic. We applied a three-dimensional environmental model (Fantom) to investigate the hydraulic retention effect on the net ecosystem production (NEP) using the residence time in stratified lakes. Affected by physical factors such as the vertical mixing, water flushing, and residence time during the typhoon season These factors might influence the primary production and nutrient levels in lakes, especially under changing precipitation patterns (Woolway et al, 2018; Chiu et al, 2020; Nakayama et al, 2020a; Lin et al, 2021). It is not yet clear how typhoons influence the mixing regimes and biogeochemical processes of subtropical lakes (Kimura et al, 2012, 2014, 2017; Tsai et al, 2008, 2011; Chiu et al, 2020)
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