Abstract
Background: We investigated the impact of fish oil and/or probiotics on serum and vaginal inflammatory and metabolic proteins and their relation to the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Overweight/obese pregnant women received fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics or placebo + placebo from early pregnancy until six months postpartum (fish oil: 1.9 g docosahexaenoic acid and 0.22 g eicosapentaenoic acid; probiotics: Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 colony-forming units each). Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum/vaginal (s/v) phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-1 (phIGFBP-1), IGFBP-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) were analyzed. GDM was diagnosed according to 2 h 75 g OGTT. Results: The intervention had no impact on the change in proteins during pregnancy. Nevertheless, s-MMP-8 decreased and s-IGFBP-1 increased more in obese than in overweight women in the fish oil + probiotics group, while a decrease in s-MMP-8 was seen in obese women and an increase was seen in overweight women in the probiotics + placebo group. The late pregnancy s-phIGFBP-1 was higher in women who developed GDM in fish oil + probiotics-group compared to fish oil + placebo-group. The concentrations of s-phIGFBP-1 (635.9 ± 315.3 ng/mL vs. 753.2 ± 335.1 ng/mL, p = 0.005) and s-IGFBP-1 (3.78 ± 0.72 ng/mL vs. 3.96 ± 0.69 ng/mL, p = 0.042) were lower in early pregnancy in women who developed GDM than in women remaining healthy. Conclusions: The intervention per se had no impact on the proteins, but obesity and GDM may modify the effect. IGFBPs may affect the development of GDM.
Highlights
Introduction affiliationsBoth increased low-grade inflammation and higher adiposity have been linked to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [1], which is a serious condition in pregnancy, increasing the risk of metabolic complications in both mother and child
We showed that serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) decreased while insulin-like growth factor binding-protein 1 (IGFBP-1) and phIGFBP-1 increased during pregnancy, regardless of the intervention or GDM status
The extent of low-grade inflammation, as determined by hsCRP, and the levels of the metabolic markers, IGFBP-1, phIGFBP-1 and MMP-8, were altered during pregnancy, indicating changes in inflammatory and metabolic status in overweight and obese women throughout gestation. This change was not influenced by our fish oil and/or probiotic intervention, but it was noted that there was an interaction between how the intervention altered the metabolic markers depending on the women’s obesity status and whether or not they developed GDM
Summary
Both increased low-grade inflammation and higher adiposity have been linked to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [1], which is a serious condition in pregnancy, increasing the risk of metabolic complications in both mother and child. There is preliminary evidence that lower serum concentrations IGFBP-1 and higher serum concentrations of MMP-8 may be linked to low-grade inflammation [7,8] and obesity [9,10], providing initial evidence of use as metabolic markers as well. We investigated the impact of fish oil and/or probiotics on serum and vaginal inflammatory and metabolic proteins and their relation to the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum/vaginal (s/v) phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-1 (phIGFBP-1), IGFBP-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) were analyzed. S-MMP-8 decreased and s-IGFBP-1 increased more in obese than in overweight women in the fish oil + probiotics group, while a decrease in s-MMP-8 was seen in obese women and an increase was seen in overweight women in the probiotics
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