The impacts of COVID-19 on childhood obesity: prevalence, contributing factors, and implications for management.

Abstract

This study aimed to identify changes in the prevalence of obesity and related diseases among children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study was conducted using data from the 2016-2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 3,861 children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. The prevalence of obesity and related diseases was adjusted for age, sex, and income. We also analyzed the socioeconomic, nutritional, and physical activity items in the survey. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity (p=0.02), central obesity (p=0.001), mean body mass index (BMI, p=0.03), and hemoglobin A1c (p=0.005) among children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. The intake of food and calories was significantly reduced in the normal-weight group (p=0.001 and <0.001) but not in the obese group. Incidences of skipping breakfast increased and eating out decreased, regardless of obesity status. However, the changes in health behaviors were not significant. The prevalence of central obesity and increased BMI showed a significant linear association between children and their parents, especially in the 10-12-year-old age group. A clear increase in the proportion of metabolically unhealthy children and adolescents was observed in the obese group, and the frequency of central obesity in parents also increased. The number of metabolically unhealthy, obese children and adolescents increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Age-specific strategies that consider growth, development, and genetic and social factors are required. Health strategies targeting the entire family are required to develop healthier habits.