Abstract
Abstract The United States Clean Water Act (CWA) is one of the key legal means in the USA to ‘restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters’. Given the pervasive influence of human development and associated climate change in increasing water temperatures in streams of the USA, salmonids are particularly susceptible to reduction in productivity and geographic distribution. Native and introduced, self-sustaining salmonid populations can be found in most of the 50 States of the US. Despite this commonly shared resource, the highly similar temperature sensitivity among salmonids, and the legal imperative under the CWA to provide full protection to the most sensitive uses, the States supporting these thermally sensitive species have adopted a wide range of standards. As these standards are so divergent, even though the protection goal under the CWA applies uniformly to all States, it is clear that water temperature standards have been developed under conflicting i...
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