Abstract
Abstract. Ground surface topography influences the spatial distribution of earthquake-induced ground shaking. This study shows the influence of topography on seismic amplification during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Earth surface topography scatters and reflects seismic waves, which causes spatial variation in seismic response. We performed a 3-D simulation of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake in Muzaffarabad with the spectral finite-element method. The moment tensor solution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake was used as the seismic source. Our results showed amplification of seismic response on ridges and de-amplification in valleys. It was found that slopes facing away from the source received an amplified seismic response, and that 98 % of the highly damaged areas were located in the topographically amplified seismic response zone.
Highlights
Intensity and duration of seismic-induced ground shaking is mainly determined by earthquake magnitude, depth of hypocenter, distance from the epicenter, medium of the seismic waves, topography and site-specific geology (Kramer, 1996; Wills and Clahan, 2006; Shafique and van der Meijde, 2015; Khan et al, 2017)
Surface topography is based on the ASTER Global DEM, a product of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
Since spectral-element method (SEM) is efficient in simulating low-frequency ground displacement and has limited capability in simulation of high-frequency accelerations (Dhanya et al, 2016), we present our results in peak ground displacement (PGD) maps based on models with and without topography
Summary
Intensity and duration of seismic-induced ground shaking is mainly determined by earthquake magnitude, depth of hypocenter, distance from the epicenter, medium of the seismic waves, topography and site-specific geology (Kramer, 1996; Wills and Clahan, 2006; Shafique and van der Meijde, 2015; Khan et al, 2017). The influence of the Earth’s topography on seismic response has been observed and proven numerically and experimentally (Athanasopoulos et al, 1999; Sepúlveda et al, 2005; Lee et al, 2009a). The Earth’s topography acts as a reflecting surface for upcoming seismic energy and produces surface waves (Lee et al, 2009a, b). Most seismic active areas are rugged in nature, which makes these regions prone to topographic (de-)amplification (Lee et al, 2009a; Hough et al, 2010; Shafique and van der Meijde, 2015). Incorporating the topographic impact on seismic response is important for seismic shaking prediction, seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation (Bauer et al, 2001; Wu et al, 2008; Shafique et al, 2011a)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
